The Use Of Animals For Food And Scientific Experimentation

Damir Bektic July 2, 2015 Exam 2 Prof. Marx Explain Tom Regan s positions on the use of animals for food and scientific experimentation. What moral principle does he draw upon to support those positions? Explain his reasoning as he applies the principle to cases involving animals. How does his approach to animal welfare differ from Peter Singer s? Tom Regan s position on the use of animals for food and scientific experimentation is to completely ban it. Regan is saying that animals have a life of their own that is of importance to them just as life is to human beings. They are not just in the world to by a utility to human beings, but they are in the world to live in it and be aware of it. Like us, they are somebodies, not somethings.†¦show more content†¦However, on appeal, Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the death sentence except as to its imposition for the robbery conviction. Later, Gregg challenged his remaining death sentence for murder by making claims that his capital sentence was a cruel and unusual punishment, which violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. However, the question revolving the case is that is the imposition of death sentence prohibited under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments as cruel and unusual punishment? However, upon a guilty verdict or plea, it is required that a presentence hearing is held where the jury or the judge hears additional extenuating evidence and evidence which is in aggravating of punishment of made known to the defendant before trial. Therefore, it is a requirement that at least one out of ten specified aggravating incidences must be evident to exist beyond a reasonable doubt and, which should be designated in writing before a death sentence can be imposed to an individual. In Jury cases, the trial judge is bound by the recommended sentence Thus, in the review of a death sentence, which is considered to be rather automatic, the State Supreme Court must take into account various factors, such as whether the sentence was influenced by passion, prejudice or any other arbitrary factor. In addition it should consider whether the evidence

With Reference To At Least Four Different Poems, Explore...

With Reference To At Least Four Different Poems, Explore How Cultural Identity Is Represented By The Various Poets The four poems I have selected to focus on all portray a cultural identity in their own unique way. Wherever I hang and The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping, are both written by Grace Nichols, a poet of Guinean background. I have also chosen to explore Dream Variation by Langston Hughes as well as Half-Caste by John Agard. I have chosen this selection of poetry because I feel that each poem has great merit in successfully challenging the racial disparities of the modern world. Grace Nichols unsurprisingly tends to base her poems around the inequality between the black and white communities; this is†¦show more content†¦Dream Variation creates a dreamlike mood suggesting his idea of the White world is, although slightly unrealistic, like a dream life in comparison to a Black mans, such as himself. The use of random rhyme adds to the dreamlike state in which the reader is welcomed into, via the imagery. The irregularity of the rhyme also adds to the surreal atmosphere and the boldness of the casual rhyme portrays the confident and positive tone of the poem. In some respects, this is suggestive that Hughes feels culture is ones own identity but acceptance throughout all cultures is vital. Language is one of the key tools in which Hughes reflects his cultural identity. Metaphors are used as a tool to subtly apply the idea of white supremacy throughout the poem. In the face of the sun creates the image of a bright white sun, with the metaphorical meaning of a white dominated world in which white people are overbearing and untouchable. This metaphorical imagery is also used to echo the idea of Black inferiority, Night coming tenderly as if A Black man belongs to the night because the Whites rule the daylight. Similes such as Black like me emphasise the division between White and Black cultures. Half-Caste is in stark contrast toShow MoreRelatedCurrent Issues in Teaching Literature1874 Words   |  8 Pages‘Teaching Literature through Language: Some Consideration’ by Abraham Panavelil Abraham (Ph D) who is an English Professor at University of Nizwa, Oman. This research article mainly discusses on why teaching literature in language classroom is important, h ow to choose an appropriate literary text and also some strategies for teaching literature by creating an awareness of linguistic possibilities and sensibility. In the introduction, Abraham pointed out that commonly teachers will use ‘the traditional method’Read MoreTeaching English Through Poetry to Adolescents3302 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION Today, teaching English language assumes many different shapes. Teaching methods vary from teacher to teacher. However, we can find one common feature these methods do share. 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Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma Free Essays

string(56) " school and need for special school or special classes\." One of the major public health problems facing Australia today is Asthma. It is disturbing that there has been an apparent increase in its prevalence and severity, and increased rates of hospital admissions. (E. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma or any similar topic only for you Order Now J. Comino, 1996) For the diagnosed patient, the degree to which he or she suffers is related to severity of the condition, compliance with recommendations by medical experts, the immediate environment and the effectiveness of education programs. Like other major health problems, asthma has varying degrees of symptoms. As such, the degree and frequency of the symptoms limits many aspects of the asthmatics life. To describe the main limitations suffered by those with chronic asthma, asthma must be defined. Asthma is a condition whereby the sufferer has difficulty breathing due to widespread narrowing of the airways of the lungs. This narrowing can be caused by a local inflammation of the air-ways, muscle contraction or the production of excess mucus with in bronchi. (R. Roberts, 1996) Most common is bronchial asthma. Medical definitions of asthma suggest that environmental triggers can substantially contribute to the occurrence of an asthma attack. The review of asthma in Victoria (1988) by the Asthma Foundation of Victoria outlined infection, exercise, climatic conditions, exposure to airborne irritants and emotional upsets as the main trigger factors. However, doctors use a general classification to identify a patients pattern of asthma†¦ classifying people who experience some symptoms of asthma on most days as having a chronic asthma condition. The classification system also extends to the categories of children, occupational asthma and asthma in later life. Usually regular medication is required to keep the lungs functioning as normally as possible. Some chronic asthmatics have severe symptoms over a long period of time and may require long term or indefinite medication to be able to lead a normal life. (Lane, 1996) The most obvious limitations suffered relate to the asthmatics physiological dysfunction. However, physiological dysfunction can in turn contribute to greater social and psychological limitations. This area is related more specifically to quality of life and morbidity and will be discussed further on. The main physiological limitation is related to the presence of the bronchial narrowing slowing the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Thus, there is difficulty both breathing in and out. Asthmatics commonly describe the feeling – tightness of the chest, congestion and wheezing. Although these symptoms can commonly occur in other chest diseases, in asthma it is a characteristic that can occur in an aggravated attack. This may be either brief episodes of chest tightness lasting a matter of minutes or a prolonged episode of wheezing lasting up to and hour, which can merge into a full blown attack of asthma. Other physiological limitations relate to the sufferers sensitivity to known triggers factors and the consequential effect on their daily functioning. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that triggers are risk factors that cause asthma exacerbation†s by inducing inflammation or provoking bronchio-constriction. This report also describes the main triggers as allergens, air pollutants, respiratory infections, exercise and hyperventilation, weather changes, allergies to foods, additives and drugs, and emotional stress. For example it is well established that viral respiratory infections can exacerbate asthma, especially in children under the age of 10. (Busse, 1993) Because the triggers may vary from person to person and from time to time, it is important to take the sufferers natural history into account and identify each individuals triggers. Therefore, an individuals identified trigger can restrict the sufferers ability to function normally. For example – an asthmatic child may try to avoid exercise for fear that it may trigger an asthmatic attack. This may in turn limit the sufferers physiological development over the long term and hence further contribute to the problem. (Global Strategy, 1995) Some psychological and social problems can also be considered as a consequence of the interaction with physiological limitations. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that â€Å"asthma is a chronic disorder that can place considerable restrictions on the physical, emotional, and social aspects of the lives of patients and may have an impact on their careers†. Chronic asthma sufferers have to live with the need for treatment and with the limitations that having asthma places on their everyday lives. It is in this context that the asthmatics life area†s are most likely to be handicapped. In general, the chronic asthmatics activity choices are particularly handicapped. †¦. especially physical education. Exercise incites airflow limitation in most children and young adults who have asthma. Exercise appears to be a specific stimulus for people with asthma because it seldom leads to airflow limitation in people without asthma. Global Strategy, 1995) More specifically sports where sustained effort is needed over a considerable period (eg long distance running) are not recommended. From a psychological point of view, the development of a positive sense of self (ie self-esteem) can be adversely affected by asthma. In one study, nearly 41 percent of parents of children with asthma said that asthma caused their children to feel self-pity. These children also were found to have low self-esteem as well as poor relationships with their peers. (Charmaz, 1983) For an adult, occupation and social life may be handicapped. A comparative study from Edinburgh (1996) between asthmatics and people with other forms of physical disability were found to have similar levels of anxiety or neuroticism. It was found most asthmatics exhibited varying levels of anxiety in relation to their beliefs and, in particular, their constant fear of another attack and anxiety over school and work prospects. (Lane, 1996). Similarly, fear also plays a predominant role in children who suffer from asthma†¦. with one in four Victorian children fearing not being able to breathe as a result of asthma (King, 1988). Furthermore, the relationship between asthma and emotional andor severe behavior problems is documented in a 1995 study by R,Bussing et al. In particular they tend to suffer from limited school functioning, inability to attend school and need for special school or special classes. You read "Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma" in category "Essay examples" In Australia, school loss caused by asthma accounted for approximately 965,000 days annually. (Aust Bureau Statistics, 1991) In particular poor academic performance and greater risk to learning difficulties were found to be the greatest negative consequences. (Fowler, 1992) The asthma sufferer can have a limited choice of occupations, because they are exposed to an increasingly large number of potential irritants in their working lives. In particular if specific allergies are known to exist then an occupation that exposes them to the allergens must be avoided. For instance, those sensitive to pollen should not become gardeners or those who have recurrent shortness of breath, should not become marine biologists. (Lane, 1996) 3. What can an individual do to prevent the occurrence of unnecessary as asthma attacks, or to minimize the seriousness of those that do occur? In 1989 an Australian Asthma management (AMP) plan was set up as a guideline for health professionals. The guideline was set up as a common consensus among health experts to help tackle the irregular diagnosis and treatment of asthma. More particularly, to help combat the increase of asthma induced admissions to hospitals due the occurrence of unnecessary asthma attacks. This report outlined 6 important steps to aid the doctor and the sufferer as to the basis of good asthma management. They include (1) Assess the severity of asthma; (2) achieve best lung function (3) maintain best lung function by identifying and avoiding triggers; (4) maintain best lung function with optimal medication; (5) develop an action plan; and (6) educate and review regularly. (Woolcock, 1989) Current research by Beilby (1997) highlighted that having an action plan can play a vital role in preventing hospital admissions and death from asthma. An asthma action plan is a co-ordinated method of management that covers all aspects a persons asthma – medication, triggers factors, lung function measurements, etc. To ensure greater adherence, both the patient and the doctor should fill out an asthma management chart together. It encourages self management and focuses on the importance of identifying the main trigger factors and monitoring the warning signs of an asthma attack. Essentially this involves a regular check on airway function by the use of a peak flow meter and the additional measurement of lung capacity twice a day those with severe asthma. Use of symptomatic (quick working) medication such the bronchodilator ventolin aerosol type to maintain best lung function, is recommended to reduce the seriousness of an acute attack. Doctors prescribe preventative medication such as Intal (sodium cromogylcate), anti-allergy injections and inhaled steroids for people who have severe asthma. Long term use of preventative medicine is used in conjunction with bronchodilators. After several months on preventative medicine, asthmatics find they are able to reduce their use of bronchodilators dramatically. (Prendergast, 1991) Identifying trigger factors such as allergens, infection, exercise, weather changes and emotional stress is also important. The use of a bronchodilator or Intal, before being exposed to an identified trigger factor, can reduce the likelihood of an asthmatic reaction. The asthma management chart also describes what to do if following warning signs are observed : (1) the bronchodilator doesn†t bring expected relief, (2) a decrease in the peak expiratory flow, (3) Increased breathlessness and variation in peak flow rates during the day, (4) more frequent wheezing and a persistent dry cough and (4) disturbed sleep. (Prendergast, 1991) Asthmatics who live in highly polluted areas and are surrounded by electrical appliances, high tech equipment and power lines can benefit from air ionisers and a purifiers. Individuals can also prescribe to alternative treatment (for instance the Buteyko method), various breathing exercises, physical exercise (such as swimming), a healthy diet, and natural remedies such a homeopathic and acupuncture. It has been found that these treatments should complement orthodox medication and also help reduce the reliance on it. Roberts (1996) suggest that there is evidence that the Buteyko method is effective in treating chronic asthma. Devised by professor Beteyko of Siberia, this program consists of specific relaxation techniques and shallow breathing to correct breathlessness and wheezing. For those who are prone to exercise induced asthma choosing the right type of exercise is important †¦ particularly choosing a sport that requires longer and slower breathing and/or short bursts of effort. Examples include gymnastics, cricket and basketball. Swimming with its controlled breathing pattern is also recommended as it promotes chest development, flexibility and, therefore better breathing. (Roberts, 1996) There has been extensive research into new drug treatments of asthma by pharmaceutical companies and universities over the last 20 years. One such new effective drug to emerge is a Leukotiene receptor antagonists (LTRA). It was recently introduced into Australia this year and the USA 3 years ago. In people with asthma, leukotrienes play a key role in causing the inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucous production that lead to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. LTRA†s prevent leukotrienes from attaching to the proinflammatory receptors on circulating and lung cells, which contribute to asthma symptoms. Leukotriene research is the direct result of a Nobel Prize-winning discovery made by scientist Beng Samuelsson in 1979. (Lipworth, 1999) However, there needs to be further research into the efficacy and its side effects. 4. How effective are the educational programs undertaken by organizations such as Asthma Victoria? Current statistics indicate that there has been a reduction of asthma mortality and morbidity in Australia over the past 10 years. The fall in deaths from 964 in 1989 to 715 in 1997 may indicate that some of Australia†s strategies for asthma management have been successful. (NAC, 1998) The Australian Asthma Management Program provides a systematic and methodical approach to asthma care. Nevertheless, it was not formulated as an evidence based document. This means that its recommendations (devised in 1989) were not based on systematic reviews or had been ranked according to the strength supporting them. However, today there have been a number of studies reviewing the effectiveness of the AMP. One such report by the National Asthma Campaign (1999), commented on the crucial role of education in improving the management of asthma rather than the token gesture of handing over a leaflet at the end of a patient consultation. This was in relation to the 6th step – educate and review regularly and highlights the importance of education programs undertaken by organizations such as the Australian National Asthma Campaign, Asthma Victoria, the Thoracic society of Australia and New Zealand and other relevant educators. The 1990 and 1993 national surveys of 22,000 adults and 16,000 children conducted by the National Asthma Campaign (NAC) showed improved asthma management practices in the three year period. Although the changes are not necessary the direct result of the National Asthma Campaign, it is considered to be consistent with the campaign and other agencies having been successful in promoting awareness and optimal management of asthma. (Comino, 1996) One of the goals of the NAC was to reduce the reliance on daily medication and hence increase the use of preventative therapy (such as inhaled corcosteroids) for patients with moderate or severe asthma; together with written action plans based on symptom severity and measurements of lung function. Use of preventative medication was found to have increased among both children and adults. The study highlighted also that there was a significant decline in the use of daily inhaled bronchodilator drugs among children and also inappropriate medications such as antibiotics and oral prescriptions. In addition this study also showed that in 1993 survey, doctors measured lung function significantly more often than in 1990; with similar increases observed in the use of peak flow meters and written action plans. These results suggest that the Australian Asthma Management Programs are relatively effective. However, the study also points to the fact that limitations still exist. In particular there is a lack of communication and joint management strategies between specialists and GP†s, hospitals and the community; whilst the use of action plans still has considerable room for further improvement. Nonetheless, not all studies on education programs show positive conclusions. A British research paper ‘Greenwich Asthma Study† of 1291 asthmatics conducted in 1993 and 1996 found that their model of service delivery was not effective in improving the outcome of asthma in the community. The intervention program used was based on the British Thoracic Society†s guidelines and was conducted by specialist nurses in community based settings. There were similarities in the methodology and intervention measurement. However, they concluded that no evidence was found for an improvement in asthma related quality of life among newly surveyed patients in intervention practices compared with control practices. Altogether this highlights that the variability of the asthma educational programs undertaken by various major organisations make it difficult to comparatively evaluate. A comprehensive world wide study, ‘Objectives, methods and content of patient education programs for adults with asthma: systematic review of studies published between 1979 and 1998†³ found that there was great difficulty in identifying the most effective components of asthma educational programs. The main reason cited was that education programs for adults with asthma vary widely. Most reports did not specify the general (56%) and educational objectives (60%) of the intervention. Important training characteristics were often not available: duration of education (45%) and number of sessions (22%), who delivered education (15%), whether training was conducted in groups or was individualised (28%). (Sudre, 1999) Such variability suggests a lack of consensus on what educational components actually work. With insufficient documentation of asthma education programs for adults, replication is limited. In conclusion there is some evidence to suggest that written treatment management plans are most effective in improving the quality of life for people with asthma. In the Australian context the National Asthma Campaign has clearly documented program goals. However, the limitations lie in its lack of empirical evidence. In addition the reliability of the research documents in general has been brought into question by the Sudre (1999) study. Therefore it is difficult to demonstrate the most effective management plan for asthma sufferers. This issue is currently being addressed by the National Asthma Campaign and the Asthma Foundation of Victoria. The Asthma foundation is currently conducting a study into the effectiveness of their schools based program. Hopefully, this and other studies will help fill the gap associated with the effectiveness of asthma education programs. And hence secure the continuation and development of asthma education in the community. How to cite Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma, Essay examples Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma Free Essays string(40) " for special school or special classes\." One of the major public health problems facing Australia today is Asthma. It is disturbing that there has been an apparent increase in its prevalence and severity, and increased rates of hospital admissions. (E. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma or any similar topic only for you Order Now J.Comino, 1996) For the diagnosed patient, the degree to which he or she suffers is related to severity of the condition, compliance with recommendations by medical experts, the immediate environment and the effectiveness of education programs. Like other major health problems, asthma has varying degrees of symptoms. As such, the degree and frequency of the symptoms limits many aspects of the asthmatics life. To describe the main limitations suffered by those with chronic asthma, asthma must be defined. Asthma is a condition whereby the sufferer has difficulty breathing due to widespread narrowing of the airways of the lungs. This narrowing can be caused by a local inflammation of the air-ways, muscle contraction or the production of excess mucus with in bronchi. (R.Roberts, 1996) Most common is bronchial asthma. Medical definitions of asthma suggest that environmental triggers can substantially contribute to the occurrence of an asthma attack. The review of asthma in Victoria (1988) by the Asthma Foundation of Victoria outlined infection, exercise, climatic conditions, exposure to airborne irritants and emotional upsets as the main trigger factors. However, doctors use a general classification to identify a patients pattern of asthma†¦classifying people who experience some symptoms of asthma on most days as having a chronic asthma condition. The classification system also extends to the categories of children, occupational asthma and asthma in later life. Usually regular medication is required to keep the lungs functioning as normally as possible. Some chronic asthmatics have severe symptoms over a long period of time and may require long term or indefinite medication to be able to lead a normal life. (Lane, 1996) The most obvious limitations suffered relate to the asthmatics physiological dysfunction. However, physiological dysfunction can in turn contribute to greater social and psychological limitations. This area is related more specifically to quality of life and morbidity and will be discussed further on. The main physiological limitation is related to the presence of the bronchial narrowing slowing the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Thus, there is difficulty both breathing in and out. Asthmatics commonly describe the feeling – tightness of the chest, congestion and wheezing. Although these symptoms can commonly occur in other chest diseases, in asthma it is a characteristic that can occur in an aggravated attack. This may be either brief episodes of chest tightness lasting a matter of minutes or a prolonged episode of wheezing lasting up to and hour, which can merge into a full blown attack of asthma. (D.J.Lane, 1996) Other physiological limitations relate to the sufferers sensitivity to known triggers factors and the consequential effect on their daily functioning. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that triggers are risk factors that cause asthma exacerbation†s by inducing inflammation or provoking bronchio-constriction. This report also describes the main triggers as allergens, air pollutants, respiratory infections, exercise and hyperventilation, weather changes, allergies to foods, additives and drugs, and emotional stress. For example it is well established that viral respiratory infections can exacerbate asthma, especially in children under the age of 10. (Busse, 1993) Because the triggers may vary from person to person and from time to time, it is important to take the sufferers natural history into account and identify each individuals triggers. Therefore, an individuals identified trigger can restrict the sufferers ability to function normally. For example – an asthmatic child may try to avoid exercise for fear that it may trigger an asthmatic attack. This may in turn limit the sufferers physiological development over the long term and hence further contribute to the problem. (Global Strategy, 1995) Some psychological and social problems can also be considered as a consequence of the interaction with physiological limitations. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that â€Å"asthma is a chronic disorder that can place considerable restrictions on the physical, emotional, and social aspects of the lives of patients and may have an impact on their careers†. Chronic asthma sufferers have to live with the need for treatment and with the limitations that having asthma places on their everyday lives. It is in this context that the asthmatics life area†s are most likely to be handicapped. In general, the chronic asthmatics activity choices are particularly handicapped. †¦. especially physical education. Exercise incites airflow limitation in most children and young adults who have asthma. Exercise appears to be a specific stimulus for people with asthma because it seldom leads to airflow limitation in people without asthma. (Global Strategy, 1995) More specifically sports where sustained effort is needed over a considerable period (eg long distance running) are not recommended. From a psychological point of view, the development of a positive sense of self (ie self-esteem) can be adversely affected by asthma. In one study, nearly 41 percent of parents of children with asthma said that asthma caused their children to feel self-pity. These children also were found to have low self-esteem as well as poor relationships with their peers. (Charmaz, 1983) For an adult, occupation and social life may be handicapped. A comparative study from Edinburgh (1996) between asthmatics and people with other forms of physical disability were found to have similar levels of anxiety or neuroticism. It was found most asthmatics exhibited varying levels of anxiety in relation to their beliefs and, in particular, their constant fear of another attack and anxiety over school and work prospects. (Lane, 1996). Similarly, fear also plays a predominant role in children who suffer from asthma†¦. with one in four Victorian children fearing not being able to breathe as a result of asthma (King, 1988). Furthermore, the relationship between asthma and emotional andor severe behavior problems is documented in a 1995 study by R,Bussing et al. In particular they tend to suffer from limited school functioning, inability to attend school and need for special school or special classes. You read "Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma" in category "Papers" In Australia, school loss caused by asthma accounted for approximately 965,000 days annually. (Aust Bureau Statistics, 1991) In particular poor academic performance and greater risk to learning difficulties were found to be the greatest negative consequences. (Fowler, 1992) The asthma sufferer can have a limited choice of occupations, because they are exposed to an increasingly large number of potential irritants in their working lives. In particular if specific allergies are known to exist then an occupation that exposes them to the allergens must be avoided. For instance, those sensitive to pollen should not become gardeners or those who have recurrent shortness of breath, should not become marine biologists. (Lane, 1996) 3. What can an individual do to prevent the occurrence of unnecessary as asthma attacks, or to minimize the seriousness of those that do occur? In 1989 an Australian Asthma management (AMP) plan was set up as a guideline for health professionals. The guideline was set up as a common consensus among health experts to help tackle the irregular diagnosis and treatment of asthma. More particularly, to help combat the increase of asthma induced admissions to hospitals due the occurrence of unnecessary asthma attacks. This report outlined 6 important steps to aid the doctor and the sufferer as to the basis of good asthma management. They include (1) Assess the severity of asthma; (2) achieve best lung function (3) maintain best lung function by identifying and avoiding triggers; (4) maintain best lung function with optimal medication; (5) develop an action plan; and (6) educate and review regularly. (Woolcock, 1989) Current research by Beilby (1997) highlighted that having an action plan can play a vital role in preventing hospital admissions and death from asthma. An asthma action plan is a co-ordinated method of management that covers all aspects a persons asthma – medication, triggers factors, lung function measurements, etc. To ensure greater adherence, both the patient and the doctor should fill out an asthma management chart together. It encourages self management and focuses on the importance of identifying the main trigger factors and monitoring the warning signs of an asthma attack. Essentially this involves a regular check on airway function by the use of a peak flow meter and the additional measurement of lung capacity twice a day those with severe asthma. Use of symptomatic (quick working) medication such the bronchodilator ventolin aerosol type to maintain best lung function, is recommended to reduce the seriousness of an acute attack. Doctors prescribe preventative medication such as Intal (sodium cromogylcate), anti-allergy injections and inhaled steroids for people who have severe asthma. Long term use of preventative medicine is used in conjunction with bronchodilators. After several months on preventative medicine, asthmatics find they are able to reduce their use of bronchodilators dramati cally. (Prendergast, 1991) Identifying trigger factors such as allergens, infection, exercise, weather changes and emotional stress is also important. The use of a bronchodilator or Intal, before being exposed to an identified trigger factor, can reduce the likelihood of an asthmatic reaction. The asthma management chart also describes what to do if following warning signs are observed : (1) the bronchodilator doesn†t bring expected relief, (2) a decrease in the peak expiratory flow, (3) Increased breathlessness and variation in peak flow rates during the day, (4) more frequent wheezing and a persistent dry cough and (4) disturbed sleep. (Prendergast, 1991) Asthmatics who live in highly polluted areas and are surrounded by electrical appliances, high tech equipment and power lines can benefit from air ionisers and a purifiers. Individuals can also prescribe to alternative treatment (for instance the Buteyko method), various breathing exercises, physical exercise (such as swimming), a healthy diet, and natural remedies such a homeopathic and acupuncture. It has been found that these treatments should complement orthodox medication and also help reduce the reliance on it. Roberts (1996) suggest that there is evidence that the Buteyko method is effective in treating chronic asthma. Devised by professor Beteyko of Siberia, this program consists of specific relaxation techniques and shallow breathing to correct breathlessness and wheezing. For those who are prone to exercise induced asthma choosing the right type of exercise is important †¦ particularly choosing a sport that requires longer and slower breathing and/or short bursts of effort. Examples include gymnastics, cricket and basketball. Swimming with its controlled breathing pattern is also recommended as it promotes chest development, flexibility and, therefore better breathing. (Roberts, 1996) There has been extensive research into new drug treatments of asthma by pharmaceutical companies and universities over the last 20 years. One such new effective drug to emerge is a Leukotiene receptor antagonists (LTRA). It was recently introduced into Australia this year and the USA 3 years ago. In people with asthma, leukotrienes play a key role in causing the inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucous production that lead to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. LTRA†s prevent leukotrienes from attaching to the proinflammatory receptors on circulating and lung cells, which contribute to asthma symptoms. Leukotriene research is the direct result of a Nobel Prize-winning discovery made by scientist Beng Samuelsson in 1979. (Lipworth, 1999) However, there needs to be further research into the efficacy and its side effects. 4. How effective are the educational programs undertaken by organizations such as Asthma Victoria? Current statistics indicate that there has been a reduction of asthma mortality and morbidity in Australia over the past 10 years. The fall in deaths from 964 in 1989 to 715 in 1997 may indicate that some of Australia†s strategies for asthma management have been successful. (NAC, 1998) The Australian Asthma Management Program provides a systematic and methodical approach to asthma care. Nevertheless, it was not formulated as an evidence based document. This means that its recommendations (devised in 1989) were not based on systematic reviews or had been ranked according to the strength supporting them. However, today there have been a number of studies reviewing the effectiveness of the AMP. One such report by the National Asthma Campaign (1999), commented on the crucial role of education in improving the management of asthma rather than the token gesture of handing over a leaflet at the end of a patient consultation. This was in relation to the 6th step – educate and review regularly and highlights the importance of education programs undertaken by organizations such as the Australian National Asthma Campaign, Asthma Victoria, the Thoracic society of Australia and New Zealand and other relevant educators. The 1990 and 1993 national surveys of 22,000 adults and 16,000 children conducted by the National Asthma Campaign (NAC) showed improved asthma management practices in the three year period. Although the changes are not necessary the direct result of the National Asthma Campaign, it is considered to be consistent with the campaign and other agencies having been successful in promoting awareness and optimal management of asthma. (Comino, 1996) One of the goals of the NAC was to reduce the reliance on daily medication and hence increase the use of preventative therapy (such as inhaled corcosteroids) for patients with moderate or severe asthma; together with written action plans based on symptom severity and measurements of lung function. Use of preventative medication was found to have increased among both children and adults. The study highlighted also that there was a significant decline in the use of daily inhaled bronchodilator drugs among children and also inappropriate medications such as antibiotics and oral prescriptions. In addition this study also showed that in 1993 survey, doctors measured lung function significantly more often than in 1990; with similar increases observed in the use of peak flow meters and written action plans. (Comino, 1996) These results suggest that the Australian Asthma Management Programs are relatively effective. However, the study also points to the fact that limitations still exist. In particular there is a lack of communication and joint management strategies between specialists and GP†s, hospitals and the community; whilst the use of action plans still has considerable room for further improvement. Nonetheless, not all studies on education programs show positive conclusions. A British research paper ‘Greenwich Asthma Study† of 1291 asthmatics conducted in 1993 and 1996 found that their model of service delivery was not effective in improving the outcome of asthma in the community. The intervention program used was based on the British Thoracic Society†s guidelines and was conducted by specialist nurses in community based settings. There were similarities in the methodology and intervention measurement. However, they concluded that no evidence was found for an improvement in asthma related quality of life among newly surveyed patients in intervention practices compared with control practices. (Premaratne, 1999) Altogether this highlights that the variability of the asthma educational programs undertaken by various major organisations make it difficult to comparatively evaluate. A comprehensive world wide study, ‘Objectives, methods and content of patient education programs for adults with asthma: systematic review of studies published between 1979 and 1998†³ found that there was great difficulty in identifying the most effective components of asthma educational programs. The main reason cited was that education programs for adults with asthma vary widely. Most reports did not specify the general (56%) and educational objectives (60%) of the intervention. Important training characteristics were often not available: duration of education (45%) and number of sessions (22%), who delivered education (15%), whether training was conducted in groups or was individualised (28%). (Sudre, 1999) Such variability suggests a lack of consensus on what educational components actually work. With insufficient documentation of asthma education programs for adults, replication is limited. In conclusion there is some evidence to suggest that written treatment management plans are most effective in improving the quality of life for people with asthma. In the Australian context the National Asthma Campaign has clearly documented program goals. However, the limitations lie in its lack of empirical evidence. In addition the reliability of the research documents in general has been brought into question by the Sudre (1999) study. Therefore it is difficult to demonstrate the most effective management plan for asthma sufferers. This issue is currently being addressed by the National Asthma Campaign and the Asthma Foundation of Victoria. The Asthma foundation is currently conducting a study into the effectiveness of their schools based program. Hopefully, this and other studies will help fill the gap associated with the effectiveness of asthma education programs. And hence secure the continuation and development of asthma education in the community. How to cite Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma, Papers

Diversity an an Organization of Toyota †Free Sample Solution

Question: Discuss the main diversity initiatives of Toyota, leadership and diversity management and importance of diversity in organizations? Answer: Introduction: In an organization the managers play an extremely important role in relation to the various needs of the customers and also for the leading employees who are more culturally and ethnically diverse and are much older and greater in need for the effective functioning of the private and public sectors in the issue of diversity (Allen R et al (2008). There are many goals that an employer has so as to provide excellent customer service and also in maintaining a very competitive nature because diversity is utilized and recognized increasingly as a very important resource of an organization. The later paragraphs highlight the philosophy of diversity of the employees in the Toyota Company which is one of the highly recognized business organizations in the world. From many years Toyota has been stable in its business as they have been making use of a systematic and organized method known as the Personnel and Labor Way. Therefore the main goal of this Personnel and Labor of Toyota Way stresses on the importance and the realization of the management diversity of the people keeping in regards their respect and also enabling them to exercise all their capabilities to utilize, be creative and the ability to think and also use their strengths to the maximum possible way by giving them different types of opportunities so as to achieve their contributions and also their self realization through their work (Bowers C., (2000). However to achieve this goal it is very important to maintain a healthy and mutual relationship of trust and also respect in which the company gives priority to make sure there will be a stable employment for all its employees and also works hard in improving all its conditions of labor and also ensure that all the employees of the company execute their responsibilities and duties for the well being and prosperity of the company. This philosophy that the Toyota company follows all around the globe also reflects and implements the various policies of diversity management. The company also believes that these policies will make sure that the company will provide the customer with utmost satisfaction and also help in the social contribution of the company. Therefore every year Toyota invites all its personnel managers from across the globe to organize many discussions as how to build a environment of work in which the employees can trust the company and also help in building a good framework which promotes voluntary and also constant improvement which also results in developing better human resources and better teamwork in the organization. Therefore all the different types of organizations are finding it very essential to embrace diversity which helps them to achieve their goals and missions and grow in terms of their sales and profits (Cavico, F. and Mujtaba, B. G., (2008). Hence a diversity program helps largely in the recruitment and the commitment of social equity of the organization. Therefore in order to create a long term and strategic change by applying these diversity initiatives and also must develop a long tern plan that will result in giving better outcomes that are desired by the company. Main Diversity Initiatives of Toyota: Toyota provides its employees with many opportunities so that they can achieve self actualization as well as social contribution through their work and it also aims at enabling all its employees to exercise their capabilities to be creative and use their talents and strengths to the maximum extent. They usually conduct a survey that gives the employee satisfaction in each year so as to give a brief measuring result of the efforts made by the employees and also uses the results of this analysis for further implementation and planning measures that will enable all the employees to work with a sense of commitment and security. Toyota as a company defines diversity as the differences in the various organizations in the way they train their employees to master the different skills (Esen E. (2005). Hence diversity becomes a liability or an asset to the organization if it is used in the correct manner by the company. Therefore there are four ways to deal with diversity initiatives as the fu nctioning of the work environment would be dealt more successfully and also establish an open communication in the diverse workplace. It is also noticed that the relationships in the business environment grows stronger with compromise and discussions and lead to a more healthy environment that results in a more effective way. The first step is to understand and respect the differences in every individual and to keep an open mind towards the views of the other employees. It is also very essential to be assertive and let the people know how they want to be treated in the workplace and that they should be able to let them know if they feel uncomfortable by any of their behavior. This situation can be corrected through honest communication between the employees. They must also learn how to respect and treat others and also to address them with respect (Gassman O., (2001). This results in avoiding misunderstanding that could take place among the employees which further creates a uncomfor table atmosphere in the workplace resulting in hindering the performances of the employees. The last step is the act as a force of change because every individual is responsible for their behavior in the workplace. This means if anyone encounters a sense of discrimination or prejudice they should confront the individual and make sure he or she knows that the behavior is not appropriate. Many times it is seen that they may not be able to change ones attitude completely but can manage to change the way they behave (Sargeant L. Sue-Chan, C., (2001). Bucher, R. D. (2000) also stated in many of his writings that in the workplace it is also important to include a diversity awareness training programs that go beyond the standard workplace diversity training sessions so as manage diversity in the workforce. Hence many classes can be held for the training topics that help the staff to refresh their minds regarding the diversity issues that are present throughout the year (Hersey, Paul (February 2008). Also apart from these single classes the responsibilities of the daily pressures of the operations can mostly lead to more issues that affect the employees therefore diversity initiatives can be a help to remind the mangers and the staffs by applying the series of inclusion and respect in the workplace as it is necessary to handle the daily business activities and also before the problems or issues arise. This also helps in maintaining a strong active position that results in acting as a reminder that they work in a global community. Thi s work on human diversity integrates personal and organizational perspectives, research, and theories while discussing teamwork, communication, leadership, conflict, social networking,and other issues in the workplace, at school, and in the community.Bucher also said that the work on human diversity integrates personal and organizational perspectives, research, and theories while discussing teamwork, communication, leadership, conflict, social networking,and other issues in the workplace, at school, and in the community and that Diversity Consciousnessempowers students by helping them develop a "mind-set" which will enable them to be more successful in the 21st century. Therefore Bucher also mentioned that there were seven key factors that influence the role of diversity consciousness; they were focus on personal growth and empowerment, grounded form of research and studies, it must be success oriented, it should be learner oriented and towards the value of diversity, basis of the definition of diversity inclusion and lastly is very versatile in nature. However these diversity awareness training sessions cover a wide range of topics that include all the challenges that are faced daily by the diverse workers, helping one to eradicate biases that are present and also help in competing in the welfare of the global economy (Hofmeister, J., (2006). The diversity training programs in the workplace also include various areas such as; Managing a Multi-generational Workforce Building of teams across Cultures Diverse candidates Hiring The Power of Respectful Language Gender Transition However the training also makes the employees to bring a feeling of self awareness and also the way to deal with diversity in the workplace which helps in the understanding of the behaviors of the diverse groups and further helps in developing the skills of communication so as to receive a good relationship among the employees (Horwitz S. Horwitz I. (2007). The employees will also develop better skills so as to create more teams in the diverse groups to have a better organized company which is for the well being of both the customers and the employees and also have an impact on the productivity, commitment, creativity and finally the profitability of the organization. Leadership and Diversity Management: According to Mooney, H.(2005) Diversity and inclusion have been core values of the firm since its founding and continue to form a central part of the firms culture. Mooney also explained that leaders and mangers have always been an integral part of the society who deal with all the opportunities and challenges of diversity that are taken place every day. The managers and leaders who are ready to deal and face these challenges and also take maximum advantage of the opportunities and their offers are likely to be very successful and effective in coaching in the diverse workplace. There is also a lot of discriminatory acts that are widely practiced in the society many times and this leads to many major problems and can become very challenging for the leaders and managers. Therefore many of these unfair aspects of discrimination can often be the main cause of misinformation and a biased society. Hence to avoid these societal biases and unfair treatment of the employees the managers can u se situational leadership practices so as to concentrate on each associates performance and also help them to develop progressively on the basis of their confidence levels to take on new initiatives and responsibilities (Kochan, T et al (2003). It is also seen that diversity management deals with different topics of issues like sadness, privilege, culture, religion, justice, tolerance, hatred etc. these challenges have a great impact on the nations around the globe to a large extent as they are concerned with the issues of cultural identification, racial supremacy, religious protection and also the unfair compensation that is given to them based on their status and gender. Another research that was conducted stated that the there are four challenges that a CEO of the company faces in regards to diversity management, these are in the field of innovation, excellence in operations, relationship of the customers and also in human capital. These played a very important role in identifying the different strategies that are needed to address the human capital challenge and also include a focus on the improvement of all the leadership development programs (Konrad A et al (2006). They also said that it was essential to enhance the effectiveness of the senior mangemnet teams as well as the supervisors and the managers so as to improve planning and development of the organization. This could be met by providing the employees with training and also by increasing the employee engagement as a result to improve the overall performance of the accountability and the processes of management. These strategies also suggested that the leaders and managers of the company sh ould be able to recognize that the organizations will not be able to develop and be highly engaged with productive employees if there is no effective leadership as well as good leadership development programs (Kossek, E et al (2006). Importance of Diversity in organizations: Many scholars say that diversity is very important in any organization as the leaders in the global firms in the present manage their workforces in a more diverse way than they used too few years back (Myaskovsky, L et al (2005). Therefore global firms recognize the importance of all the diverse talents that are present in order to increase the engagements of the employees to help them reach out to their clients and also in achieving growth in the business field. Many researches which were conducted abroad showed many benefits in the diverse teams that included an increase in the profitability and the innovation of the organization. Therefore to achieve these benefits, organizations employ and support a diverse workforce and also extract the best from their team through leadership behavior and this act has always been a success factor of organizational diversity and engagement strategies. Hence diversity brings experience and understanding to help global firms in providing education to their leaders and also in the successful implementation of the strategies (Pitts D., (2005). Conclusion: Therefore in conclusion it can be said that a diverse workforce is a method to change the workplace of the employees and also bring higher value of these diverse teams of the organization. It also respects the differences of the individual that benefits the workplace individual by creating a very competitive edge that further results in the productivity of work in the organizations (Richard O., (2000). Also when there is trouble in the normal functioning of the performance of the organization then the forms of diversity and the nature of the tasks that are to be performed are considered by the employees and this has a significant amount of evidence that diversity can help in increasing the overall performance of the organization. Diversity management also gives a lot benefits to the associates by creating a safe and fair environment where all are accessible to face different opportunities and also challenges. Therefore diversity if managed correctly can increase creativity and also i nnovation in an organization as well as improve the process of making decisions by providing various challenges and problems faced by the organization (Saji B., (2004). Reference Allen R., Dawson G., Wheatley K. White C., (2008). Perceived diversity and organizational performance. Bowers, C., (2000). When member homogeneity is needed in work teams Small Group Research Bucher, R. D. (2000).Diversity consciousness: Opening our minds to people, cultures, and opportunities. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Cavico, F. and Mujtaba, B. G., (2008). Legal Challenges for the Global Manager and Entrepreneur. Kendal Hunt Publishing Company. United States. Esen E. (2005). 2005 Workplace Diversity Practices Survey Report. Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management. Gassman O., 2001. Multicultural teams: Increasing creativity and Innovation by diversity. Creativity and Innovation Management 10 (1), 2001. Hersey, Paul (February 2008). Personal Communication on Situational Leadership. One-week Train-theTrainer Workshop by Dr. Hersey and facilitators of The Center for Leadership Studies. Escondido, CA. Phone. Hofmeister, J., (2006). Making the business case for gender diversity. World Oil 227 , 2006. Horwitz S. Horwitz I. (2007). The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography. Journal of Management. Kochan, T., Bezruova, K, Ely, R., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K., Leonard D., Levine, D. Thomas D., (2003). The effects of diversity on business performance: Report of a feasibility study of the diversity research network. Human Resource Management. Konrad A., Prasad P. Pringle J. (2006). Handbook of Workplace Diversity,: London: Sage Publications. Kossek, E., Lobel, S. Brown, J. In Konrad, Prasad Pringle, Eds. (2006), Handbook of Workplace Diversity. London: Sage Publications. Mooney, H., A. Cropper and W. Reid, 2005: Confronting the human dilemma: how can ecosystems provide sustainable services to benefit society? Pitts, D., (2005). Diversity, representation, and performance: evidence about race and ethnicity in public organizations. The Journal of Public Administration Research. Richard, O., (2000). Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: A resource-based view. Academy of Management Journal. Saji B., (2004). Workforce diversity, temporal dimensions and team performance. Cross Cultural Management. Sargeant L. Sue-Chan, C., (2001). Does diversity affect group efficacy? Small Group Research.

-9144003541174 Essays - Facial Hair, Hairstyles, Moustache, Beard

-9144003541174 body posture also gives the hint. He isn't a show of as he isn't wearing any posh clothes, he is wearing plain and simple clothes. He also might be trying to amuse people because his facial expression is funny. 00 body posture also gives the hint. He isn't a show of as he isn't wearing any posh clothes, he is wearing plain and simple clothes. He also might be trying to amuse people because his facial expression is funny. 1270635375699 This person looks like a French artist. He is wearing a hat, that artists usually wear, and has a little moustache and beard. He looks confused and inquisitive because he is holding his chin, it seems he is stuck on a part of his drawing/painting He also looks like an extrovert, as he is showing a lot of facial expression. He is looking cold as he is wearing a scarf and his00 This person looks like a French artist. He is wearing a hat, that artists usually wear, and has a little moustache and beard. He looks confused and inquisitive because he is holding his chin, it seems he is stuck on a part of his drawing/painting He also looks like an extrovert, as he is showing a lot of facial expression. He is looking cold as he is wearing a scarf and his-838200143148300-990600-676275 H/W Dhruv Talati - 7E2 Date:30/05/17 Description of Person 0 H/W Dhruv Talati - 7E2 Date:30/05/17 Description of Person

Knickerbocker Story

Knickerbocker Story Knickerbocker Story Knickerbocker Story By Sharon The Oxford Dictionary of Etymology tells an interesting story of the origin of the word knickerbockers. In 1809 Washington Irving, who is famous for the short stories Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow, published a book called History of New York. The book was published under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker. Pictures of the supposed author showed him wearing loose breeches, which then took his name. However, thats not the whole story of knickerbockers. Sometime in the 19th century the word was abbreviated to knickers, a word which will send young British children (and even those old enough to know better) into helpless laughter. The reason? Knickers are the common British term for womens underwear. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionHow to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Royal Bank of Scotland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Royal Bank of Scotland - Essay Example Majority of the bank’s success in the last decade has been accomplished by a combination of internal innovation, organic growth, and significant acquisitions (Aoki, 2000). The performance of the bank in 2005 demonstrated the capability of the company’s growth, with the growth of customers in all its divisions. The average customer loans and average customer deposits were up to 23 percent and 17 percent respectively during this period. However, the bank has had its pitfalls and failures leading to resignation of the CEO, Fred Godwin with hefty pension (Barba, 2005). This brings up the questions, what are the reasons behind the failures of Royal Bank of Scotland? To what extent were the corporate governance practices responsible for these failures? And how could Royal Bank of Scotland avoid these failures? In order to answer these questions, this paper will discuss the case of the Royal Bank of Scotland’s corporate governance. ... Royal Bank of Scotland functions as an international financial and banking service group offering a broad range of services and products to commercial, personal, and big institutional and corporate customers through its two major subsidiaries. Royal Bank of Scotland was behind the launch of the first successful UK offset account of mortgage with Virgin. This model has currently been translated to the US and Germany successfully. The primary aspect of the Royal Bank of Scotland strategy is to establish the strategic options and the constituent flexibility and diversity mean that growth is independent of one specific market development or economic scenario. This kind of approach and its associated benefits are reflected in the results of Royal Bank of Scotland (Citrin, and Smith, 2003). In 2005, the Royal Bank of Scotland’s total income rose by about 14% contributed to mainly by its organic growth. This accounted for 70% of the increase. The company’s income ratio and cri tical cost was up held at 41%. Continued growth in profits, income and earnings are seemingly certain due to the innovation teams who operate in both the insurance and retail banking areas of the business. The developments of the 2005’s internal innovation included the Royal Bank of Scotland being the very first main international bank to publicly declare that it went live with the FX spot streaming trading through the Bloomberg Professional Service (Clarke, 2004). This kind of development of model electronic commerce complemented the existing electronic trading capabilities of the Royal Bank of Scotland on Bloomberg enabling the clients to trade Fixed Income and Foreign Exchange online from a single platform. Nevertheless,

How did the United States justify and achieve Manifest Destiny Research Paper

How did the United States justify and achieve Manifest Destiny - Research Paper Example Because of their cultural, political, and racial superiority, they believed their destiny was to escalate their and rules to enlighten other nations that were not exposed. The pride and superiority of possessed American settlers forced them to acquire its neighboring territories by force and compulsion leading to the Mexican War in 1840. They had the notion that God would give them land from Pacific to Atlantic Ocean. The Americans had diverse justifications of the components leading to achievement of their Manifest Destiny. The ideology of manifest destiny had many components treating an individual in various ways reflecting the pride and superiority by Americans in Mid 19th century. Justification of the idealistic vision of social excellence through God and church created separate opinions to conquer new land. The American Unified ideology was to dominate the whole world from pole to pole. The following factors and occurrences were imperative in justification of United States to achieve manifest destiny. According to many people, Manifest Destiny depended on the notion of American having a divine Providence. They believed that America had a future controlled by God to expand its borders without any limit to country or area. All the activities involving traveling and expansion were also a factor of the Manifest Destiny. It compounded with the notion that it was Gods will for Americans to spread over the whole continent controlling and populating the country, as they required. Since many expansionists believed that God had explicit power to sustain and guide human destiny, they concentrated in conquering and Christianizing the land. The Manifest Destiny was the mass settlers move across the land in advance to replace darkness with light and ignorance with civilization. The Manifest Destiny increased by the inclusion of strong Gods will in the individual’s ideology while others

Cashflow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cashflow - Essay Example ons or contributing - in spite of the fact that this likewise happens as a consequence of gifts or blessings on account of individual fund (Deveau, 2015). Money outpourings result from costs or ventures. This remains constant for both business and individual money. The primary essential stride in keeping up a positive cash flow is putting a financial plan set up. One of the ways of controlling income is by getting ready and keeping up a capital forecast (Niven, 2013). Significantly, forecasting has key impact in deciding long haul financing needs. Credit control and obligation recuperation are imperative figures in great income administration. Attempts to pay in time mean suppliers will be more prone to arrange deals with solid clients (Deveau, 2015). Issue updates when an installment is late and after that pursuit up also create positive possibilities. There is a need for considering charging punishment enthusiasm for late plan how to manage non-payment (Niven, 2013). Entrepreneurs additionally need to give careful consideration to their receivable and payable cycles. Finally, pricing needs to bode well. Deveau, D. (2015). Planning ahead makes for stronger cash flow. Financialpost.com. Retrieved 12 June 2015, from

What, How, Who and Answers to Global Warming

What, How, Who and Answers to Global Warming Global Warming Determining What, How, Who and Answers to Global Warming Global Warming is steady increase of average temperatures due to the slowly growing strengths of human made greenhouse gases. Global warming can also mean that observing the temperatures without indicating of the cause too. The most accepted reason is the burning of fossil fuels which does expel carbon dioxide into our atmosphere. â€Å"As of 2010, the concentration of carbon dioxide is about 50% higher than it was before the start of the industrial revolution in the late 1800s.† (Australian Coal Association Low Emissions Technology, 2014) The increase in temp is contributed to the CO2 absorbing radiation which is the radiation the Earth loses to space when heated by the sun. This reaction produces greenhouse gas which helps produce a blanket over the planet that retains warmth. Since the early 70’s, 91% of the radiation energy has been stored in the oceans. The oceans main role in energy absorption is also used to increase the average temperature of the Earth’s Air and Seas temperatures. Since the turn of the century our Earth’s air and sea temps have steadily increased about 1.4F with about 2/3’s of the increase happening in the last 30 years. Each of the last 3 eras has been increasingly warmer at the Earths surface then the last hundred years combined. We have been recording temperature records since the late 1800’s so this data is well documented and gives us a baseline to go from. These data collections are the result of natural changes with the Earth and human beings making Greenhouse Gases. â€Å"A panel convened by the U.S National Research Council, the nations premier science policy body, in June 2006 voiced a high level of confidence that Earth is the hottest it has been in at least 400 years, and possibly even the last 2,000 years.† (Stanford Solar Center, 2013) But since humans are still to burning fossil fuels, the Earth is steadily warming unnaturally. The Northern most part of the hemisphere has experienced the most major rise in temperature, near 2.5’ Fahrenheit. â€Å"Average temperatures in Alaska, western Canada, and eastern Russia have risen at twice the global average, according to the multinational Arctic Climate Impact Assessment report compiled between 2000 and 2004.† (National Geogr aphic, 2014) We all know this CO2 release is coming from our automobiles, factories and burning coal etc. Our way of life is killing mother Earth, we continue to cut down trees pollute our oceans and for what? This paper is going to breakdown in three major sections giving my conclusions on what, how, why and fixing this Global Warming problem we as a planet face. There are many different factors which can make the warm the planet, but the major contributor is human created carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. A huge contributor to global warming is the greenhouse gases that people release into the atmosphere. Majority of the gases released include carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and CFCs (chloral floral carbons). The use of natural resources has increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. â€Å"However, over the last several hundred years, humans have been artificially increasing the concentration of these gases, mainly carbon dioxide and methane in the Earths atmosphere.† (Earth Observatory, 2014) Let’s not forget about another form of global warming like deforestation. Forest grounds are moist, but without protection from tree cover they can dry out. Trees also help spread the water cycle by releasing water vapor back into the atmosphere. If we do not have trees helping with the ecosystem we will soon loose countless specie’s. Cutting down trees deprives the forest of its canopy, which helps cut down the sun’s rays during the day and retains heat at night. This displacement leads to higher temperatures ranges that can be harmful to plants and animals. Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests means larger amounts of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere and increased speed and severity of global warming. Thousands of years have since past and the Earth has had a diverse temperature effect without any human influence. This temperature change has been the result of other factors such as: the tilt of the Earth and changes in the levels of gases in the atmosphere. The Earth actually wobbles throughout its solar rotation around the sun. â€Å"This wobble in the Earth’s rotation has been causing changes in the temperature of the atmosphere for many millions of years.† (A Cooler Climate (2014) The suns variations in size from the past to present has an ecosystem effect. Scientist believe we are experiencing more and more solar flares that have a negative impact on our atmosphere too. There is a theory amongst scientist that Global Warming is a â€Å"regular life cycle event but I do not believe this to be true. Even though the Earth had ice ages and warmer temps in the past. Industry throughout the world gives off CO2 and it thickens the atmosphere UV rays are not being able to reflect back into space warming the Earth. A blend of compound atmospheric and ocean sequences which are inevitably driven by changes in solar output. The Earth goes through constant climate change cycles and has done so throughout its history. The exact mechanism is not well understood but appears to be related to the sun plus solar activity. â€Å"The ocean and volcanoes are much bigger sources of CO2 and other such greenhouse gases than humans. If the CO2 count is increasing, the influence of man may be minimal.† (Bionomic Fuel, July 16, 2014) The planet is currently in a cool down cycle and will continue to be so for at least a several years because the Pacific Decadal Oscillat ion. It would only make sense that the last thirty years with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in its warm phase caused the planet to warm. I read that people were asking questions like, who would be the most affected by this. And the answer is simple, everyone on the planet will pay a price for Global Warming. Theoretically every living breathing thing can be affected by climate change. Warmer seas means changing currents, which means distorted rainfall amounts on the continents. Plant life will move because of changing rainfall patterns. Insects, trees and animals will move to follow the vegetation and water. If global warming continues, there will be irreversible effects. Effects like erratic weather patterns, sea levels rising, dry waterless areas and ice caps melting. The US alone has millions of people living within a mile of the oceans. The majority of our major cities are located of the coasts or Great Lakes. All of these will be under water and completely useless. The world’s mountain contain some 80% of fresh water in forms of ice and snow. Global Warming would potentially melt this with devastating cons equences like massive flooding. â€Å"Urgent action is necessary to combat these effects. We cannot afford to wait as the well-being of you and your children is at stake. It is up to you to take responsibility for your actions.† (A Cooler Climate, 2014) Around the globe, people are taking responsibility and helping reduce CO2 emissions through more efficient environmentally energy resources. Unfortunately the people, who will be affected by Global Warming the most, are the poorer countries. These countries lack proper funding and education to help build finance facilities that can reduce our carbon foot print. Your citizens need to have a good understanding of what can happen when greenhouse gases are not taken seriously. Properly educating everyone will ultimately benefit the planet. How about free trade being affected? Every nation on Earth has some form of trade going on and you must take in account rising sea levels major trade ports being underwater. Who is going to rebuild all of the sea lanes, rebuild the docks? How about taking in account how are household items like food, water, TV and so on get here. Since the launch of industrialization in the modern world global trade has added to pollution of our environment. Looking at data gathered global trade contributes near as much pollution per capita calendar year as public transportation does. â€Å"Effectively combating our planetary climate crisis will require changes to the underlying manufacturing, energy, farming – and trade – systems that are now fueling carbon emissions.† (Greenpeace USA, 2014) Due to the outsourcing of companies and products nearly every household product in America travels on average over 4500 miles to reach its home, these items are transported by planes, ships or trains all of which burn massive amounts of fossil fuels. The link between Global trade and Global Warming has many ties like burning fuel which creates greenhouse gas and the amount of trade that goes on any given day is unbelievable. What can we do as regular people do to help reverse this growing problem? There are many easy steps you can do right now to cut global warming pollution. Make sustaining energy a part of your normal routine. Each time you choose a LED light sticker bulb over an traditional bulb, youll lower your energy consumption and keep nearly 600 pounds of CO2 out of the air. By purchasing brands with the energy star sticker, this indicates it uses at least 16% less energy than what the federal mandate is over a less traditional models. Lower cost, reliable cars to help reduce Global Warming gases are available now. From small cars to large trucks, there is no reason not purchase these to help take a step in the right direction fuel cell vehicles can help answer the problem for our future. Hybrids can help eliminate pollution by 1/3 or more and are currently available by every major car manufacturer in the U.S. Voluntary cutback programs have not been effective at stopping the growing of emissions. Many CEO’s of major corporations have agreed it is time for the governments to step in and create tougher, stouter laws to help combat Global Warming. Here is the and Canada public support is at it all time highest to propose and cap emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases produced from larger power plants (coal burning) and transportation fuels. We should start implementing cleaner cars and electrical generators into widespread use; this will start reducing gas contamination from vehicles and power plants immediately. By doing this we should start pushing and relying more on alternative solutions like wind, solar, geothermal and wave power. Firmer efficient obligations by appliance manufacturers for electrical appliances will help lower pollution. We need more programs or laws in place like what the Clinton administration implemented in the 90’s. Household central air units/heat pumps must reduce electrical usage by 30% for all new installs. This act will help reduce carbon release by 51 million metric tons a year. Alternative solutions for power consumption are here and we must start embracing it or Global Warming will not stop. Alternative energy defines all things that do not use or consume fossil fuels. These alternatives are found everywhere and anyone can use the majority of them plus they are eco-friendly. With very small to no pollution why not use them? South Africa is helping lead the way of solar power. They just installed the world’s largest solar farm producing some 18 gag-watts a year. South Africa, like other countries, is trying to reduce CO2 emissions as well as increase its alternative energy solutions. Wind energy is a very unlimited resource here in the Midwest. A single windmill can supply crop irrigation, pumping water and powering electric lights. Just in Indiana alone we have hundreds of windmill farms all over the state that helps reduce our grid consumption and saves on the release of fossil fuel gases released into the atmosphere. Geo thermal energy is taking off and it is accessible anywhere on Earth. Geothermal energy means energy drawn or harnessed from beneath the earth. A lot of countries try to use this energy to generate electricity for thousands of homes. Geothermal energy produces no pollution, lowers our dependence on fossil fuels. â€Å"Geothermal fields produce only about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a relatively clean natural-gas-fueled power plant produces.† (National Geographic 2014) There are many different ways to use alternative solutions to help reduce our dependence on greenhouse gas producing fuels. Listed above are a few but here are some more to help get you interested; Hydroelectric Energy, Biomass Energy, Ocean Energy and Hydrogen Energy. In conclusion, we the people of mother Earth must alienate ourselves from fossil fuels, if we are going to stop or reduce the effects of Global Warming. Right now we have a chance to redeem our planet but once we cross a certain line there is no going back. Let’s unite and save the planet. References Earth Observatory (2014) Global Warming: What is causing Global Warming? http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php Jonathan Strickland and Ed Grabianowski, (2014) How Global Warming Works: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/global-warming.htm National Geographic (2014) Global Warming Fast Facts http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.html Ecosystems Hazards to our World (2014) Global Warming http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/Ecosystems/hazards/global_warming.htm Stanford Solar Center (2013) Global Warming: What is it? http://solar-center.stanford.edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm.html Random Facts (January 29, 2009) 35 Critical Facts about . . . Global Warming http://facts.randomhistory.com/2009/01/29_global-warming.html References A Cooler Climate (2014) Global Warming Natural Causes http://www.acoolerclimate.com/global-warming-natural-causes/ Bionomic Fuel (July 16, 2014) Is Global Warming Fake? http://www.bionomicfuel.com/is-global-warming-fake/ GreenPeace USA (2014) Climate Change Trade Policies: We have a problem: our current trade rules are worsening climate chaos http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/Climate-ChangeTrade-Policies/ National Geographic (2014) Geothermal Energy: Tapping the Earths Heat http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/geothermal-profile/ Australian Coal Association Low Emissions Technology (2014) What is Global Warming? http://www.newgencoal.com.au/faq/68.html 1

Digital Image Alteration and Photojournalist Ethics in China and USA Es

Digital Image Alteration and Photojournalist Ethics in China and USA Introduction Photography is a process where lights are recorded through chemical means(by film) or by an electronic device such as digital sensor. The resulting photograph represents a optically realistic portrait of a specific event at a specific location and time. This connection to reality allows people place a significant amount of trust on photographs and coined the phrase "the camera does not lie." Thus, photographs are used heavily in news reporting as a proof that a certain event has occurred. Recently, news agencies have begin to digitize their photographic process. Using digital photography allows journalists to send their pictures to the editor with faster speed and better reliability than using film. However, digital images are easily modifiable. People or objects may be added, rearranged, reversed, distorted or removed from a scene. Colors and brightness may be adjusted. Pictures can be sharpened or blurred. Yet, when a picture is altered, its link to reality, to that particular even t, may be weakened or completely severed. To many people, this is a form of deception by the news agency to the public because people assume that photograph is a faithful representation of an event. In addition, these changes are difficult to detect since there is no physical negatives to inspect. The public can only rely on the news editorial board to perform as they promised-- to uphold journalist integrity and to report facts as accurately as they can While news editors have a duty to report news truthfully ,they also have to deal with publishing constraints. Editors are constantly tempted to alter the picture to fit the layout, deliver pictures with stronger ... ...oynter Online. 2 Apr. 2003.http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=28082 New York Times, Guideline on Our Integrity, December 2000, http://www.asne.org/index.cfm?id=408 Tung-chiang Ch'iu, Literary Inquisition, Banned Books and "The Series of Si Ku Banned and Burned Books". http://www.lib.nccu.edu.tw/mag/admin/26/p28.html Guideline for Chinese News workers. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-10-14/19271921005.shtml Identifying fake photographs. http://www.dpnet.com.cn/school/school_show_new.asp?id=1491 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Virtue Ethics. 18, July 2003.http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/ Kieran, Mathew. Media Ethics New York, NY: Routledge, 1998. Olen, Jeffrey. Ethics in Journalism Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. Kieran, Mathew. Media Ethics: A Philosophical Approach Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997.

Aim and objectives of different type of businesses Essay

When a business first starts trading it has few loyal customers and no reputation. The most likely objective for a start up business is simply survival. As the business grows and begins to win market share, the aim may shift towards expansion and increasing profits. Without aims and objectives there is no meaning to the business. The objective of both things to make business work even better than what it would normally do. An aim – Where the business wants to go in the future and its goals. It is a statement purpose. Like want to grow the business in to Europe Objectives- give the business a clearly defined target. Plans can then be made to achieve these targets. This can motivate the employees. It’s also enable the business to measure the progress towards its started aims The most effective business objectives meet the following criteria: Specific -clear and easy to understand. Measurable – i.e. able to be quantified. Achievable – possible to be reached. Realistic – not ‘pie in the sky’. Time bound – associated with a specific time period. An example of a SMART objective is to increase profits 10% within the next 12 months. SMART objectives allow the performance of business to be identified. Purpose- the purpose of having aim and objectives is to plan a way forward which will help them to establish the future state of works in other word, how their business will be in a few year’s time part of this handle is planning. So they have an uncertain concept that how they will achieve that certain goal and status in the business in few years time Another purpose of setting aims and objectives is to measure the performance, for example, how much profit they have made in the last year, so they know that they are doing better or worse than last year. They will provide information to those who are interested, which will lead to encourage them to do better. Break even- is the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal. For example, if a business sells fewer than 200 tables each month, it will make a loss, if it sells more, it will be a profit. With this information, the business managers will then need to see if they expect to be able to make and sell 200 tables per month. Survival- Diversifying- diversify your business by natural progression. For instance, if you sell men’s shirts, adding ties and cufflinks to the range are an obvious next step. More radically, you extend the brand by offering a much wider range of products that will nonetheless appeal to the same customers. Alternatively, you can use the strength of brand to move into new markets. Cost cutting- here is significant ways to save money without compromise: Don’t waste time- As a small business owner, you put in a lot of hours, but time is still a limited resource. Wasting time can cut into your sales and hurt your bottom line. As a general rule, anything that you can implement to save time will also save you money in the long run. Cut Out Paper- According to research by Xerox, about 40% of office paper is discarded within 24 hours of anyone printing on it. If you add up how much you spend on printing supplies, paper, and labor, you’ll quickly see that using electronic file storage can save you loads of money. Shop Around for Insurance – There are a lot of great ways to lower your insurance costs, but the most important step is to find and compare insurance policies. You should always be looking for the best rates out there, especially at renewal time. http://www.slideshare.net/tariqmehsud/nikes-presentation http://education.cambridge.org/media/576464/business_and_management_for_the_ib_diploma___cambridge_education___cambridge_university_press_samples.pdf

The Destruction of the Earths Rain Forests essays

The Destruction of the Earths Rain Forests essays In the time you can read this sentence, eight acres of tropical rain forest will have been bulldozed and burned out of existence (Bloyd 49). However, this destruction has been neglected and overlooked for years. Many people do not understand the long-term consequences of losing the earths rain forests. The rain forests have provided people with many natural resources and medicines. The benefits that rain forests provide to people will be destroyed if the depletion continues to be disregarded. No matter where a person lives, even if it is not near a rain forest, the complete destruction of rain forests will affect living conditions. For years rain forests have provided countries around the word with valuable resources, minerals, lumber, and energy. In Brazil alone the rain forests contains 45% of Brazils hydroelectric power. The minerals found in the rain forests of Brazil are estimated to value 1.6 trillion dollars, while the lumber that the rain forests can provide total 1.7 trillion dollars (In the Forest 1). Nutrients from decomposing organisms can be found throughout rain forests, including in soil and in trees. To continue destroying forests also destroys the important materials that they are providing to humans. The rain forests also provide important exports such as oil, nuts, and rubber. Brazilian nuts have become an important export and coffee has been South Americas main source of money. After Charles Goodyear learned how to use rubber to benefit humans the demand for it increased. The Amazon began to provide rubber for tires made around the world. Today the Amazon still provides the world with a large supply of rubber. Deforestation of rain forests decreases the amount of rubber South America supplies, and businesses will soon have to find a new supply of this resource. The plants found in the rain forests can be useful to everyone around the world. The Kayapo, a people of...

Depression In Women essays

Depression In Women essays Sometimes sadness is feeling blue where someone just needs a caring friend or family member who can offer encouragement. Sometimes sadness is much more. Severe sadness can cause frequent crying spells, sleeping too much, or eating too much or too little. Women may resort to drugs or alcohol to make the pain lesson. What starts this kind or severe sadness? It can begin with a painful experience such as divorce, the death of a loved one, a lost relationship, or a troubled marriage. It can also begin with an event from childhood, such as, physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Some women have Chemical Imbalances which cause them to be severely sad, and complicates them being able to solve everyday problems. Severe sadness is a type of illness called depression, and can be treated. Twenty-five percent of women are expected to experience depression at some point in their lives. Depression effects many women in today's society, and many of them do not understand what it is. Women also do not know how to identify the signs, or symptoms of depression. No one is immune from depression, and it affects everyone, from personal experience to depression in a family member. Depression is defined as the act of being sad, the state of being depressed, or low in spirits. Depression interferes with normal functioning, and can cause problems with work, family, and friends. Serious depression can destroy a family life as well as their own life. Melissa's life was going very well for her. She was recently married, and starting her new life. Melissa's life starting falling apart as she got news about her mother. Her mother had cancer, and wasn't going to make it. Soon her mother passed away, and she was left feeling abandoned, and alone. She felt as if a part of her was gone, and that she wouldn't be able to go on. Melissa and her mother were very close. They shared everything together, and were viewed as ...

A report on a chipset Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A report on a chipset - Essay Example Chipsets perform the task of ensuring that the system’s performance is as per the required standards of working mechanical products. The functioning of systems with the use of chipsets becomes easier and is often simplified as compared to when they might not have any. Further improvement in technology has made it increasingly easy to make the chipsets more efficient, while at the same time, they are being made smaller with each passing period, and technological advancement. This feature has made the systems they are incorporated in to perform better, and are less heavy. Chipsets are a main feature in many systems. There are some errors that are associated with such technology. However, there are new ways that have come up to ensure that these chipsets function properly. This paper will review the use of the chipset in a computer system. Also, how they affect the performance, and functions of computers. Ever since the invention of computers, working has become easier over the past. The growth of international corporations has been attributed to computers. They have been considered the most valuable assets that any company could have. Almost every office in the world today is equipped with at least one computer (Lyla 56-58). The importance of knowing how to use this technology has led to the worldwide acceptance of people into these organizations. They are often used to perform many different functions. Under special guidance, they are able to complete tasks as required in many organizations. The most recent development in the computer era is the use of microchips. The use of these microchips or chipsets has helped the computer system to perform its functions better. An example that can arise in the computer system of a chipset is the graphic and audio microchips. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, the term microchip was used to refer to chips present in the motherboard. These microchips were often used to customise the functioning of audio and