The Use Of Animals For Food And Scientific Experimentation

Damir Bektic July 2, 2015 Exam 2 Prof. Marx Explain Tom Regan s positions on the use of animals for food and scientific experimentation. What moral principle does he draw upon to support those positions? Explain his reasoning as he applies the principle to cases involving animals. How does his approach to animal welfare differ from Peter Singer s? Tom Regan s position on the use of animals for food and scientific experimentation is to completely ban it. Regan is saying that animals have a life of their own that is of importance to them just as life is to human beings. They are not just in the world to by a utility to human beings, but they are in the world to live in it and be aware of it. Like us, they are somebodies, not somethings.†¦show more content†¦However, on appeal, Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the death sentence except as to its imposition for the robbery conviction. Later, Gregg challenged his remaining death sentence for murder by making claims that his capital sentence was a cruel and unusual punishment, which violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. However, the question revolving the case is that is the imposition of death sentence prohibited under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments as cruel and unusual punishment? However, upon a guilty verdict or plea, it is required that a presentence hearing is held where the jury or the judge hears additional extenuating evidence and evidence which is in aggravating of punishment of made known to the defendant before trial. Therefore, it is a requirement that at least one out of ten specified aggravating incidences must be evident to exist beyond a reasonable doubt and, which should be designated in writing before a death sentence can be imposed to an individual. In Jury cases, the trial judge is bound by the recommended sentence Thus, in the review of a death sentence, which is considered to be rather automatic, the State Supreme Court must take into account various factors, such as whether the sentence was influenced by passion, prejudice or any other arbitrary factor. In addition it should consider whether the evidence

With Reference To At Least Four Different Poems, Explore...

With Reference To At Least Four Different Poems, Explore How Cultural Identity Is Represented By The Various Poets The four poems I have selected to focus on all portray a cultural identity in their own unique way. Wherever I hang and The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping, are both written by Grace Nichols, a poet of Guinean background. I have also chosen to explore Dream Variation by Langston Hughes as well as Half-Caste by John Agard. I have chosen this selection of poetry because I feel that each poem has great merit in successfully challenging the racial disparities of the modern world. Grace Nichols unsurprisingly tends to base her poems around the inequality between the black and white communities; this is†¦show more content†¦Dream Variation creates a dreamlike mood suggesting his idea of the White world is, although slightly unrealistic, like a dream life in comparison to a Black mans, such as himself. The use of random rhyme adds to the dreamlike state in which the reader is welcomed into, via the imagery. The irregularity of the rhyme also adds to the surreal atmosphere and the boldness of the casual rhyme portrays the confident and positive tone of the poem. In some respects, this is suggestive that Hughes feels culture is ones own identity but acceptance throughout all cultures is vital. Language is one of the key tools in which Hughes reflects his cultural identity. Metaphors are used as a tool to subtly apply the idea of white supremacy throughout the poem. In the face of the sun creates the image of a bright white sun, with the metaphorical meaning of a white dominated world in which white people are overbearing and untouchable. This metaphorical imagery is also used to echo the idea of Black inferiority, Night coming tenderly as if A Black man belongs to the night because the Whites rule the daylight. Similes such as Black like me emphasise the division between White and Black cultures. Half-Caste is in stark contrast toShow MoreRelatedCurrent Issues in Teaching Literature1874 Words   |  8 Pages‘Teaching Literature through Language: Some Consideration’ by Abraham Panavelil Abraham (Ph D) who is an English Professor at University of Nizwa, Oman. This research article mainly discusses on why teaching literature in language classroom is important, h ow to choose an appropriate literary text and also some strategies for teaching literature by creating an awareness of linguistic possibilities and sensibility. In the introduction, Abraham pointed out that commonly teachers will use ‘the traditional method’Read MoreTeaching English Through Poetry to Adolescents3302 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION Today, teaching English language assumes many different shapes. Teaching methods vary from teacher to teacher. However, we can find one common feature these methods do share. 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Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma Free Essays

string(56) " school and need for special school or special classes\." One of the major public health problems facing Australia today is Asthma. It is disturbing that there has been an apparent increase in its prevalence and severity, and increased rates of hospital admissions. (E. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma or any similar topic only for you Order Now J. Comino, 1996) For the diagnosed patient, the degree to which he or she suffers is related to severity of the condition, compliance with recommendations by medical experts, the immediate environment and the effectiveness of education programs. Like other major health problems, asthma has varying degrees of symptoms. As such, the degree and frequency of the symptoms limits many aspects of the asthmatics life. To describe the main limitations suffered by those with chronic asthma, asthma must be defined. Asthma is a condition whereby the sufferer has difficulty breathing due to widespread narrowing of the airways of the lungs. This narrowing can be caused by a local inflammation of the air-ways, muscle contraction or the production of excess mucus with in bronchi. (R. Roberts, 1996) Most common is bronchial asthma. Medical definitions of asthma suggest that environmental triggers can substantially contribute to the occurrence of an asthma attack. The review of asthma in Victoria (1988) by the Asthma Foundation of Victoria outlined infection, exercise, climatic conditions, exposure to airborne irritants and emotional upsets as the main trigger factors. However, doctors use a general classification to identify a patients pattern of asthma†¦ classifying people who experience some symptoms of asthma on most days as having a chronic asthma condition. The classification system also extends to the categories of children, occupational asthma and asthma in later life. Usually regular medication is required to keep the lungs functioning as normally as possible. Some chronic asthmatics have severe symptoms over a long period of time and may require long term or indefinite medication to be able to lead a normal life. (Lane, 1996) The most obvious limitations suffered relate to the asthmatics physiological dysfunction. However, physiological dysfunction can in turn contribute to greater social and psychological limitations. This area is related more specifically to quality of life and morbidity and will be discussed further on. The main physiological limitation is related to the presence of the bronchial narrowing slowing the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Thus, there is difficulty both breathing in and out. Asthmatics commonly describe the feeling – tightness of the chest, congestion and wheezing. Although these symptoms can commonly occur in other chest diseases, in asthma it is a characteristic that can occur in an aggravated attack. This may be either brief episodes of chest tightness lasting a matter of minutes or a prolonged episode of wheezing lasting up to and hour, which can merge into a full blown attack of asthma. Other physiological limitations relate to the sufferers sensitivity to known triggers factors and the consequential effect on their daily functioning. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that triggers are risk factors that cause asthma exacerbation†s by inducing inflammation or provoking bronchio-constriction. This report also describes the main triggers as allergens, air pollutants, respiratory infections, exercise and hyperventilation, weather changes, allergies to foods, additives and drugs, and emotional stress. For example it is well established that viral respiratory infections can exacerbate asthma, especially in children under the age of 10. (Busse, 1993) Because the triggers may vary from person to person and from time to time, it is important to take the sufferers natural history into account and identify each individuals triggers. Therefore, an individuals identified trigger can restrict the sufferers ability to function normally. For example – an asthmatic child may try to avoid exercise for fear that it may trigger an asthmatic attack. This may in turn limit the sufferers physiological development over the long term and hence further contribute to the problem. (Global Strategy, 1995) Some psychological and social problems can also be considered as a consequence of the interaction with physiological limitations. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that â€Å"asthma is a chronic disorder that can place considerable restrictions on the physical, emotional, and social aspects of the lives of patients and may have an impact on their careers†. Chronic asthma sufferers have to live with the need for treatment and with the limitations that having asthma places on their everyday lives. It is in this context that the asthmatics life area†s are most likely to be handicapped. In general, the chronic asthmatics activity choices are particularly handicapped. †¦. especially physical education. Exercise incites airflow limitation in most children and young adults who have asthma. Exercise appears to be a specific stimulus for people with asthma because it seldom leads to airflow limitation in people without asthma. Global Strategy, 1995) More specifically sports where sustained effort is needed over a considerable period (eg long distance running) are not recommended. From a psychological point of view, the development of a positive sense of self (ie self-esteem) can be adversely affected by asthma. In one study, nearly 41 percent of parents of children with asthma said that asthma caused their children to feel self-pity. These children also were found to have low self-esteem as well as poor relationships with their peers. (Charmaz, 1983) For an adult, occupation and social life may be handicapped. A comparative study from Edinburgh (1996) between asthmatics and people with other forms of physical disability were found to have similar levels of anxiety or neuroticism. It was found most asthmatics exhibited varying levels of anxiety in relation to their beliefs and, in particular, their constant fear of another attack and anxiety over school and work prospects. (Lane, 1996). Similarly, fear also plays a predominant role in children who suffer from asthma†¦. with one in four Victorian children fearing not being able to breathe as a result of asthma (King, 1988). Furthermore, the relationship between asthma and emotional andor severe behavior problems is documented in a 1995 study by R,Bussing et al. In particular they tend to suffer from limited school functioning, inability to attend school and need for special school or special classes. You read "Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma" in category "Essay examples" In Australia, school loss caused by asthma accounted for approximately 965,000 days annually. (Aust Bureau Statistics, 1991) In particular poor academic performance and greater risk to learning difficulties were found to be the greatest negative consequences. (Fowler, 1992) The asthma sufferer can have a limited choice of occupations, because they are exposed to an increasingly large number of potential irritants in their working lives. In particular if specific allergies are known to exist then an occupation that exposes them to the allergens must be avoided. For instance, those sensitive to pollen should not become gardeners or those who have recurrent shortness of breath, should not become marine biologists. (Lane, 1996) 3. What can an individual do to prevent the occurrence of unnecessary as asthma attacks, or to minimize the seriousness of those that do occur? In 1989 an Australian Asthma management (AMP) plan was set up as a guideline for health professionals. The guideline was set up as a common consensus among health experts to help tackle the irregular diagnosis and treatment of asthma. More particularly, to help combat the increase of asthma induced admissions to hospitals due the occurrence of unnecessary asthma attacks. This report outlined 6 important steps to aid the doctor and the sufferer as to the basis of good asthma management. They include (1) Assess the severity of asthma; (2) achieve best lung function (3) maintain best lung function by identifying and avoiding triggers; (4) maintain best lung function with optimal medication; (5) develop an action plan; and (6) educate and review regularly. (Woolcock, 1989) Current research by Beilby (1997) highlighted that having an action plan can play a vital role in preventing hospital admissions and death from asthma. An asthma action plan is a co-ordinated method of management that covers all aspects a persons asthma – medication, triggers factors, lung function measurements, etc. To ensure greater adherence, both the patient and the doctor should fill out an asthma management chart together. It encourages self management and focuses on the importance of identifying the main trigger factors and monitoring the warning signs of an asthma attack. Essentially this involves a regular check on airway function by the use of a peak flow meter and the additional measurement of lung capacity twice a day those with severe asthma. Use of symptomatic (quick working) medication such the bronchodilator ventolin aerosol type to maintain best lung function, is recommended to reduce the seriousness of an acute attack. Doctors prescribe preventative medication such as Intal (sodium cromogylcate), anti-allergy injections and inhaled steroids for people who have severe asthma. Long term use of preventative medicine is used in conjunction with bronchodilators. After several months on preventative medicine, asthmatics find they are able to reduce their use of bronchodilators dramatically. (Prendergast, 1991) Identifying trigger factors such as allergens, infection, exercise, weather changes and emotional stress is also important. The use of a bronchodilator or Intal, before being exposed to an identified trigger factor, can reduce the likelihood of an asthmatic reaction. The asthma management chart also describes what to do if following warning signs are observed : (1) the bronchodilator doesn†t bring expected relief, (2) a decrease in the peak expiratory flow, (3) Increased breathlessness and variation in peak flow rates during the day, (4) more frequent wheezing and a persistent dry cough and (4) disturbed sleep. (Prendergast, 1991) Asthmatics who live in highly polluted areas and are surrounded by electrical appliances, high tech equipment and power lines can benefit from air ionisers and a purifiers. Individuals can also prescribe to alternative treatment (for instance the Buteyko method), various breathing exercises, physical exercise (such as swimming), a healthy diet, and natural remedies such a homeopathic and acupuncture. It has been found that these treatments should complement orthodox medication and also help reduce the reliance on it. Roberts (1996) suggest that there is evidence that the Buteyko method is effective in treating chronic asthma. Devised by professor Beteyko of Siberia, this program consists of specific relaxation techniques and shallow breathing to correct breathlessness and wheezing. For those who are prone to exercise induced asthma choosing the right type of exercise is important †¦ particularly choosing a sport that requires longer and slower breathing and/or short bursts of effort. Examples include gymnastics, cricket and basketball. Swimming with its controlled breathing pattern is also recommended as it promotes chest development, flexibility and, therefore better breathing. (Roberts, 1996) There has been extensive research into new drug treatments of asthma by pharmaceutical companies and universities over the last 20 years. One such new effective drug to emerge is a Leukotiene receptor antagonists (LTRA). It was recently introduced into Australia this year and the USA 3 years ago. In people with asthma, leukotrienes play a key role in causing the inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucous production that lead to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. LTRA†s prevent leukotrienes from attaching to the proinflammatory receptors on circulating and lung cells, which contribute to asthma symptoms. Leukotriene research is the direct result of a Nobel Prize-winning discovery made by scientist Beng Samuelsson in 1979. (Lipworth, 1999) However, there needs to be further research into the efficacy and its side effects. 4. How effective are the educational programs undertaken by organizations such as Asthma Victoria? Current statistics indicate that there has been a reduction of asthma mortality and morbidity in Australia over the past 10 years. The fall in deaths from 964 in 1989 to 715 in 1997 may indicate that some of Australia†s strategies for asthma management have been successful. (NAC, 1998) The Australian Asthma Management Program provides a systematic and methodical approach to asthma care. Nevertheless, it was not formulated as an evidence based document. This means that its recommendations (devised in 1989) were not based on systematic reviews or had been ranked according to the strength supporting them. However, today there have been a number of studies reviewing the effectiveness of the AMP. One such report by the National Asthma Campaign (1999), commented on the crucial role of education in improving the management of asthma rather than the token gesture of handing over a leaflet at the end of a patient consultation. This was in relation to the 6th step – educate and review regularly and highlights the importance of education programs undertaken by organizations such as the Australian National Asthma Campaign, Asthma Victoria, the Thoracic society of Australia and New Zealand and other relevant educators. The 1990 and 1993 national surveys of 22,000 adults and 16,000 children conducted by the National Asthma Campaign (NAC) showed improved asthma management practices in the three year period. Although the changes are not necessary the direct result of the National Asthma Campaign, it is considered to be consistent with the campaign and other agencies having been successful in promoting awareness and optimal management of asthma. (Comino, 1996) One of the goals of the NAC was to reduce the reliance on daily medication and hence increase the use of preventative therapy (such as inhaled corcosteroids) for patients with moderate or severe asthma; together with written action plans based on symptom severity and measurements of lung function. Use of preventative medication was found to have increased among both children and adults. The study highlighted also that there was a significant decline in the use of daily inhaled bronchodilator drugs among children and also inappropriate medications such as antibiotics and oral prescriptions. In addition this study also showed that in 1993 survey, doctors measured lung function significantly more often than in 1990; with similar increases observed in the use of peak flow meters and written action plans. These results suggest that the Australian Asthma Management Programs are relatively effective. However, the study also points to the fact that limitations still exist. In particular there is a lack of communication and joint management strategies between specialists and GP†s, hospitals and the community; whilst the use of action plans still has considerable room for further improvement. Nonetheless, not all studies on education programs show positive conclusions. A British research paper ‘Greenwich Asthma Study† of 1291 asthmatics conducted in 1993 and 1996 found that their model of service delivery was not effective in improving the outcome of asthma in the community. The intervention program used was based on the British Thoracic Society†s guidelines and was conducted by specialist nurses in community based settings. There were similarities in the methodology and intervention measurement. However, they concluded that no evidence was found for an improvement in asthma related quality of life among newly surveyed patients in intervention practices compared with control practices. Altogether this highlights that the variability of the asthma educational programs undertaken by various major organisations make it difficult to comparatively evaluate. A comprehensive world wide study, ‘Objectives, methods and content of patient education programs for adults with asthma: systematic review of studies published between 1979 and 1998†³ found that there was great difficulty in identifying the most effective components of asthma educational programs. The main reason cited was that education programs for adults with asthma vary widely. Most reports did not specify the general (56%) and educational objectives (60%) of the intervention. Important training characteristics were often not available: duration of education (45%) and number of sessions (22%), who delivered education (15%), whether training was conducted in groups or was individualised (28%). (Sudre, 1999) Such variability suggests a lack of consensus on what educational components actually work. With insufficient documentation of asthma education programs for adults, replication is limited. In conclusion there is some evidence to suggest that written treatment management plans are most effective in improving the quality of life for people with asthma. In the Australian context the National Asthma Campaign has clearly documented program goals. However, the limitations lie in its lack of empirical evidence. In addition the reliability of the research documents in general has been brought into question by the Sudre (1999) study. Therefore it is difficult to demonstrate the most effective management plan for asthma sufferers. This issue is currently being addressed by the National Asthma Campaign and the Asthma Foundation of Victoria. The Asthma foundation is currently conducting a study into the effectiveness of their schools based program. Hopefully, this and other studies will help fill the gap associated with the effectiveness of asthma education programs. And hence secure the continuation and development of asthma education in the community. How to cite Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma, Essay examples Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma Free Essays string(40) " for special school or special classes\." One of the major public health problems facing Australia today is Asthma. It is disturbing that there has been an apparent increase in its prevalence and severity, and increased rates of hospital admissions. (E. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma or any similar topic only for you Order Now J.Comino, 1996) For the diagnosed patient, the degree to which he or she suffers is related to severity of the condition, compliance with recommendations by medical experts, the immediate environment and the effectiveness of education programs. Like other major health problems, asthma has varying degrees of symptoms. As such, the degree and frequency of the symptoms limits many aspects of the asthmatics life. To describe the main limitations suffered by those with chronic asthma, asthma must be defined. Asthma is a condition whereby the sufferer has difficulty breathing due to widespread narrowing of the airways of the lungs. This narrowing can be caused by a local inflammation of the air-ways, muscle contraction or the production of excess mucus with in bronchi. (R.Roberts, 1996) Most common is bronchial asthma. Medical definitions of asthma suggest that environmental triggers can substantially contribute to the occurrence of an asthma attack. The review of asthma in Victoria (1988) by the Asthma Foundation of Victoria outlined infection, exercise, climatic conditions, exposure to airborne irritants and emotional upsets as the main trigger factors. However, doctors use a general classification to identify a patients pattern of asthma†¦classifying people who experience some symptoms of asthma on most days as having a chronic asthma condition. The classification system also extends to the categories of children, occupational asthma and asthma in later life. Usually regular medication is required to keep the lungs functioning as normally as possible. Some chronic asthmatics have severe symptoms over a long period of time and may require long term or indefinite medication to be able to lead a normal life. (Lane, 1996) The most obvious limitations suffered relate to the asthmatics physiological dysfunction. However, physiological dysfunction can in turn contribute to greater social and psychological limitations. This area is related more specifically to quality of life and morbidity and will be discussed further on. The main physiological limitation is related to the presence of the bronchial narrowing slowing the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Thus, there is difficulty both breathing in and out. Asthmatics commonly describe the feeling – tightness of the chest, congestion and wheezing. Although these symptoms can commonly occur in other chest diseases, in asthma it is a characteristic that can occur in an aggravated attack. This may be either brief episodes of chest tightness lasting a matter of minutes or a prolonged episode of wheezing lasting up to and hour, which can merge into a full blown attack of asthma. (D.J.Lane, 1996) Other physiological limitations relate to the sufferers sensitivity to known triggers factors and the consequential effect on their daily functioning. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that triggers are risk factors that cause asthma exacerbation†s by inducing inflammation or provoking bronchio-constriction. This report also describes the main triggers as allergens, air pollutants, respiratory infections, exercise and hyperventilation, weather changes, allergies to foods, additives and drugs, and emotional stress. For example it is well established that viral respiratory infections can exacerbate asthma, especially in children under the age of 10. (Busse, 1993) Because the triggers may vary from person to person and from time to time, it is important to take the sufferers natural history into account and identify each individuals triggers. Therefore, an individuals identified trigger can restrict the sufferers ability to function normally. For example – an asthmatic child may try to avoid exercise for fear that it may trigger an asthmatic attack. This may in turn limit the sufferers physiological development over the long term and hence further contribute to the problem. (Global Strategy, 1995) Some psychological and social problems can also be considered as a consequence of the interaction with physiological limitations. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that â€Å"asthma is a chronic disorder that can place considerable restrictions on the physical, emotional, and social aspects of the lives of patients and may have an impact on their careers†. Chronic asthma sufferers have to live with the need for treatment and with the limitations that having asthma places on their everyday lives. It is in this context that the asthmatics life area†s are most likely to be handicapped. In general, the chronic asthmatics activity choices are particularly handicapped. †¦. especially physical education. Exercise incites airflow limitation in most children and young adults who have asthma. Exercise appears to be a specific stimulus for people with asthma because it seldom leads to airflow limitation in people without asthma. (Global Strategy, 1995) More specifically sports where sustained effort is needed over a considerable period (eg long distance running) are not recommended. From a psychological point of view, the development of a positive sense of self (ie self-esteem) can be adversely affected by asthma. In one study, nearly 41 percent of parents of children with asthma said that asthma caused their children to feel self-pity. These children also were found to have low self-esteem as well as poor relationships with their peers. (Charmaz, 1983) For an adult, occupation and social life may be handicapped. A comparative study from Edinburgh (1996) between asthmatics and people with other forms of physical disability were found to have similar levels of anxiety or neuroticism. It was found most asthmatics exhibited varying levels of anxiety in relation to their beliefs and, in particular, their constant fear of another attack and anxiety over school and work prospects. (Lane, 1996). Similarly, fear also plays a predominant role in children who suffer from asthma†¦. with one in four Victorian children fearing not being able to breathe as a result of asthma (King, 1988). Furthermore, the relationship between asthma and emotional andor severe behavior problems is documented in a 1995 study by R,Bussing et al. In particular they tend to suffer from limited school functioning, inability to attend school and need for special school or special classes. You read "Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma" in category "Papers" In Australia, school loss caused by asthma accounted for approximately 965,000 days annually. (Aust Bureau Statistics, 1991) In particular poor academic performance and greater risk to learning difficulties were found to be the greatest negative consequences. (Fowler, 1992) The asthma sufferer can have a limited choice of occupations, because they are exposed to an increasingly large number of potential irritants in their working lives. In particular if specific allergies are known to exist then an occupation that exposes them to the allergens must be avoided. For instance, those sensitive to pollen should not become gardeners or those who have recurrent shortness of breath, should not become marine biologists. (Lane, 1996) 3. What can an individual do to prevent the occurrence of unnecessary as asthma attacks, or to minimize the seriousness of those that do occur? In 1989 an Australian Asthma management (AMP) plan was set up as a guideline for health professionals. The guideline was set up as a common consensus among health experts to help tackle the irregular diagnosis and treatment of asthma. More particularly, to help combat the increase of asthma induced admissions to hospitals due the occurrence of unnecessary asthma attacks. This report outlined 6 important steps to aid the doctor and the sufferer as to the basis of good asthma management. They include (1) Assess the severity of asthma; (2) achieve best lung function (3) maintain best lung function by identifying and avoiding triggers; (4) maintain best lung function with optimal medication; (5) develop an action plan; and (6) educate and review regularly. (Woolcock, 1989) Current research by Beilby (1997) highlighted that having an action plan can play a vital role in preventing hospital admissions and death from asthma. An asthma action plan is a co-ordinated method of management that covers all aspects a persons asthma – medication, triggers factors, lung function measurements, etc. To ensure greater adherence, both the patient and the doctor should fill out an asthma management chart together. It encourages self management and focuses on the importance of identifying the main trigger factors and monitoring the warning signs of an asthma attack. Essentially this involves a regular check on airway function by the use of a peak flow meter and the additional measurement of lung capacity twice a day those with severe asthma. Use of symptomatic (quick working) medication such the bronchodilator ventolin aerosol type to maintain best lung function, is recommended to reduce the seriousness of an acute attack. Doctors prescribe preventative medication such as Intal (sodium cromogylcate), anti-allergy injections and inhaled steroids for people who have severe asthma. Long term use of preventative medicine is used in conjunction with bronchodilators. After several months on preventative medicine, asthmatics find they are able to reduce their use of bronchodilators dramati cally. (Prendergast, 1991) Identifying trigger factors such as allergens, infection, exercise, weather changes and emotional stress is also important. The use of a bronchodilator or Intal, before being exposed to an identified trigger factor, can reduce the likelihood of an asthmatic reaction. The asthma management chart also describes what to do if following warning signs are observed : (1) the bronchodilator doesn†t bring expected relief, (2) a decrease in the peak expiratory flow, (3) Increased breathlessness and variation in peak flow rates during the day, (4) more frequent wheezing and a persistent dry cough and (4) disturbed sleep. (Prendergast, 1991) Asthmatics who live in highly polluted areas and are surrounded by electrical appliances, high tech equipment and power lines can benefit from air ionisers and a purifiers. Individuals can also prescribe to alternative treatment (for instance the Buteyko method), various breathing exercises, physical exercise (such as swimming), a healthy diet, and natural remedies such a homeopathic and acupuncture. It has been found that these treatments should complement orthodox medication and also help reduce the reliance on it. Roberts (1996) suggest that there is evidence that the Buteyko method is effective in treating chronic asthma. Devised by professor Beteyko of Siberia, this program consists of specific relaxation techniques and shallow breathing to correct breathlessness and wheezing. For those who are prone to exercise induced asthma choosing the right type of exercise is important †¦ particularly choosing a sport that requires longer and slower breathing and/or short bursts of effort. Examples include gymnastics, cricket and basketball. Swimming with its controlled breathing pattern is also recommended as it promotes chest development, flexibility and, therefore better breathing. (Roberts, 1996) There has been extensive research into new drug treatments of asthma by pharmaceutical companies and universities over the last 20 years. One such new effective drug to emerge is a Leukotiene receptor antagonists (LTRA). It was recently introduced into Australia this year and the USA 3 years ago. In people with asthma, leukotrienes play a key role in causing the inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucous production that lead to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. LTRA†s prevent leukotrienes from attaching to the proinflammatory receptors on circulating and lung cells, which contribute to asthma symptoms. Leukotriene research is the direct result of a Nobel Prize-winning discovery made by scientist Beng Samuelsson in 1979. (Lipworth, 1999) However, there needs to be further research into the efficacy and its side effects. 4. How effective are the educational programs undertaken by organizations such as Asthma Victoria? Current statistics indicate that there has been a reduction of asthma mortality and morbidity in Australia over the past 10 years. The fall in deaths from 964 in 1989 to 715 in 1997 may indicate that some of Australia†s strategies for asthma management have been successful. (NAC, 1998) The Australian Asthma Management Program provides a systematic and methodical approach to asthma care. Nevertheless, it was not formulated as an evidence based document. This means that its recommendations (devised in 1989) were not based on systematic reviews or had been ranked according to the strength supporting them. However, today there have been a number of studies reviewing the effectiveness of the AMP. One such report by the National Asthma Campaign (1999), commented on the crucial role of education in improving the management of asthma rather than the token gesture of handing over a leaflet at the end of a patient consultation. This was in relation to the 6th step – educate and review regularly and highlights the importance of education programs undertaken by organizations such as the Australian National Asthma Campaign, Asthma Victoria, the Thoracic society of Australia and New Zealand and other relevant educators. The 1990 and 1993 national surveys of 22,000 adults and 16,000 children conducted by the National Asthma Campaign (NAC) showed improved asthma management practices in the three year period. Although the changes are not necessary the direct result of the National Asthma Campaign, it is considered to be consistent with the campaign and other agencies having been successful in promoting awareness and optimal management of asthma. (Comino, 1996) One of the goals of the NAC was to reduce the reliance on daily medication and hence increase the use of preventative therapy (such as inhaled corcosteroids) for patients with moderate or severe asthma; together with written action plans based on symptom severity and measurements of lung function. Use of preventative medication was found to have increased among both children and adults. The study highlighted also that there was a significant decline in the use of daily inhaled bronchodilator drugs among children and also inappropriate medications such as antibiotics and oral prescriptions. In addition this study also showed that in 1993 survey, doctors measured lung function significantly more often than in 1990; with similar increases observed in the use of peak flow meters and written action plans. (Comino, 1996) These results suggest that the Australian Asthma Management Programs are relatively effective. However, the study also points to the fact that limitations still exist. In particular there is a lack of communication and joint management strategies between specialists and GP†s, hospitals and the community; whilst the use of action plans still has considerable room for further improvement. Nonetheless, not all studies on education programs show positive conclusions. A British research paper ‘Greenwich Asthma Study† of 1291 asthmatics conducted in 1993 and 1996 found that their model of service delivery was not effective in improving the outcome of asthma in the community. The intervention program used was based on the British Thoracic Society†s guidelines and was conducted by specialist nurses in community based settings. There were similarities in the methodology and intervention measurement. However, they concluded that no evidence was found for an improvement in asthma related quality of life among newly surveyed patients in intervention practices compared with control practices. (Premaratne, 1999) Altogether this highlights that the variability of the asthma educational programs undertaken by various major organisations make it difficult to comparatively evaluate. A comprehensive world wide study, ‘Objectives, methods and content of patient education programs for adults with asthma: systematic review of studies published between 1979 and 1998†³ found that there was great difficulty in identifying the most effective components of asthma educational programs. The main reason cited was that education programs for adults with asthma vary widely. Most reports did not specify the general (56%) and educational objectives (60%) of the intervention. Important training characteristics were often not available: duration of education (45%) and number of sessions (22%), who delivered education (15%), whether training was conducted in groups or was individualised (28%). (Sudre, 1999) Such variability suggests a lack of consensus on what educational components actually work. With insufficient documentation of asthma education programs for adults, replication is limited. In conclusion there is some evidence to suggest that written treatment management plans are most effective in improving the quality of life for people with asthma. In the Australian context the National Asthma Campaign has clearly documented program goals. However, the limitations lie in its lack of empirical evidence. In addition the reliability of the research documents in general has been brought into question by the Sudre (1999) study. Therefore it is difficult to demonstrate the most effective management plan for asthma sufferers. This issue is currently being addressed by the National Asthma Campaign and the Asthma Foundation of Victoria. The Asthma foundation is currently conducting a study into the effectiveness of their schools based program. Hopefully, this and other studies will help fill the gap associated with the effectiveness of asthma education programs. And hence secure the continuation and development of asthma education in the community. How to cite Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma, Papers

Diversity an an Organization of Toyota †Free Sample Solution

Question: Discuss the main diversity initiatives of Toyota, leadership and diversity management and importance of diversity in organizations? Answer: Introduction: In an organization the managers play an extremely important role in relation to the various needs of the customers and also for the leading employees who are more culturally and ethnically diverse and are much older and greater in need for the effective functioning of the private and public sectors in the issue of diversity (Allen R et al (2008). There are many goals that an employer has so as to provide excellent customer service and also in maintaining a very competitive nature because diversity is utilized and recognized increasingly as a very important resource of an organization. The later paragraphs highlight the philosophy of diversity of the employees in the Toyota Company which is one of the highly recognized business organizations in the world. From many years Toyota has been stable in its business as they have been making use of a systematic and organized method known as the Personnel and Labor Way. Therefore the main goal of this Personnel and Labor of Toyota Way stresses on the importance and the realization of the management diversity of the people keeping in regards their respect and also enabling them to exercise all their capabilities to utilize, be creative and the ability to think and also use their strengths to the maximum possible way by giving them different types of opportunities so as to achieve their contributions and also their self realization through their work (Bowers C., (2000). However to achieve this goal it is very important to maintain a healthy and mutual relationship of trust and also respect in which the company gives priority to make sure there will be a stable employment for all its employees and also works hard in improving all its conditions of labor and also ensure that all the employees of the company execute their responsibilities and duties for the well being and prosperity of the company. This philosophy that the Toyota company follows all around the globe also reflects and implements the various policies of diversity management. The company also believes that these policies will make sure that the company will provide the customer with utmost satisfaction and also help in the social contribution of the company. Therefore every year Toyota invites all its personnel managers from across the globe to organize many discussions as how to build a environment of work in which the employees can trust the company and also help in building a good framework which promotes voluntary and also constant improvement which also results in developing better human resources and better teamwork in the organization. Therefore all the different types of organizations are finding it very essential to embrace diversity which helps them to achieve their goals and missions and grow in terms of their sales and profits (Cavico, F. and Mujtaba, B. G., (2008). Hence a diversity program helps largely in the recruitment and the commitment of social equity of the organization. Therefore in order to create a long term and strategic change by applying these diversity initiatives and also must develop a long tern plan that will result in giving better outcomes that are desired by the company. Main Diversity Initiatives of Toyota: Toyota provides its employees with many opportunities so that they can achieve self actualization as well as social contribution through their work and it also aims at enabling all its employees to exercise their capabilities to be creative and use their talents and strengths to the maximum extent. They usually conduct a survey that gives the employee satisfaction in each year so as to give a brief measuring result of the efforts made by the employees and also uses the results of this analysis for further implementation and planning measures that will enable all the employees to work with a sense of commitment and security. Toyota as a company defines diversity as the differences in the various organizations in the way they train their employees to master the different skills (Esen E. (2005). Hence diversity becomes a liability or an asset to the organization if it is used in the correct manner by the company. Therefore there are four ways to deal with diversity initiatives as the fu nctioning of the work environment would be dealt more successfully and also establish an open communication in the diverse workplace. It is also noticed that the relationships in the business environment grows stronger with compromise and discussions and lead to a more healthy environment that results in a more effective way. The first step is to understand and respect the differences in every individual and to keep an open mind towards the views of the other employees. It is also very essential to be assertive and let the people know how they want to be treated in the workplace and that they should be able to let them know if they feel uncomfortable by any of their behavior. This situation can be corrected through honest communication between the employees. They must also learn how to respect and treat others and also to address them with respect (Gassman O., (2001). This results in avoiding misunderstanding that could take place among the employees which further creates a uncomfor table atmosphere in the workplace resulting in hindering the performances of the employees. The last step is the act as a force of change because every individual is responsible for their behavior in the workplace. This means if anyone encounters a sense of discrimination or prejudice they should confront the individual and make sure he or she knows that the behavior is not appropriate. Many times it is seen that they may not be able to change ones attitude completely but can manage to change the way they behave (Sargeant L. Sue-Chan, C., (2001). Bucher, R. D. (2000) also stated in many of his writings that in the workplace it is also important to include a diversity awareness training programs that go beyond the standard workplace diversity training sessions so as manage diversity in the workforce. Hence many classes can be held for the training topics that help the staff to refresh their minds regarding the diversity issues that are present throughout the year (Hersey, Paul (February 2008). Also apart from these single classes the responsibilities of the daily pressures of the operations can mostly lead to more issues that affect the employees therefore diversity initiatives can be a help to remind the mangers and the staffs by applying the series of inclusion and respect in the workplace as it is necessary to handle the daily business activities and also before the problems or issues arise. This also helps in maintaining a strong active position that results in acting as a reminder that they work in a global community. Thi s work on human diversity integrates personal and organizational perspectives, research, and theories while discussing teamwork, communication, leadership, conflict, social networking,and other issues in the workplace, at school, and in the community.Bucher also said that the work on human diversity integrates personal and organizational perspectives, research, and theories while discussing teamwork, communication, leadership, conflict, social networking,and other issues in the workplace, at school, and in the community and that Diversity Consciousnessempowers students by helping them develop a "mind-set" which will enable them to be more successful in the 21st century. Therefore Bucher also mentioned that there were seven key factors that influence the role of diversity consciousness; they were focus on personal growth and empowerment, grounded form of research and studies, it must be success oriented, it should be learner oriented and towards the value of diversity, basis of the definition of diversity inclusion and lastly is very versatile in nature. However these diversity awareness training sessions cover a wide range of topics that include all the challenges that are faced daily by the diverse workers, helping one to eradicate biases that are present and also help in competing in the welfare of the global economy (Hofmeister, J., (2006). The diversity training programs in the workplace also include various areas such as; Managing a Multi-generational Workforce Building of teams across Cultures Diverse candidates Hiring The Power of Respectful Language Gender Transition However the training also makes the employees to bring a feeling of self awareness and also the way to deal with diversity in the workplace which helps in the understanding of the behaviors of the diverse groups and further helps in developing the skills of communication so as to receive a good relationship among the employees (Horwitz S. Horwitz I. (2007). The employees will also develop better skills so as to create more teams in the diverse groups to have a better organized company which is for the well being of both the customers and the employees and also have an impact on the productivity, commitment, creativity and finally the profitability of the organization. Leadership and Diversity Management: According to Mooney, H.(2005) Diversity and inclusion have been core values of the firm since its founding and continue to form a central part of the firms culture. Mooney also explained that leaders and mangers have always been an integral part of the society who deal with all the opportunities and challenges of diversity that are taken place every day. The managers and leaders who are ready to deal and face these challenges and also take maximum advantage of the opportunities and their offers are likely to be very successful and effective in coaching in the diverse workplace. There is also a lot of discriminatory acts that are widely practiced in the society many times and this leads to many major problems and can become very challenging for the leaders and managers. Therefore many of these unfair aspects of discrimination can often be the main cause of misinformation and a biased society. Hence to avoid these societal biases and unfair treatment of the employees the managers can u se situational leadership practices so as to concentrate on each associates performance and also help them to develop progressively on the basis of their confidence levels to take on new initiatives and responsibilities (Kochan, T et al (2003). It is also seen that diversity management deals with different topics of issues like sadness, privilege, culture, religion, justice, tolerance, hatred etc. these challenges have a great impact on the nations around the globe to a large extent as they are concerned with the issues of cultural identification, racial supremacy, religious protection and also the unfair compensation that is given to them based on their status and gender. Another research that was conducted stated that the there are four challenges that a CEO of the company faces in regards to diversity management, these are in the field of innovation, excellence in operations, relationship of the customers and also in human capital. These played a very important role in identifying the different strategies that are needed to address the human capital challenge and also include a focus on the improvement of all the leadership development programs (Konrad A et al (2006). They also said that it was essential to enhance the effectiveness of the senior mangemnet teams as well as the supervisors and the managers so as to improve planning and development of the organization. This could be met by providing the employees with training and also by increasing the employee engagement as a result to improve the overall performance of the accountability and the processes of management. These strategies also suggested that the leaders and managers of the company sh ould be able to recognize that the organizations will not be able to develop and be highly engaged with productive employees if there is no effective leadership as well as good leadership development programs (Kossek, E et al (2006). Importance of Diversity in organizations: Many scholars say that diversity is very important in any organization as the leaders in the global firms in the present manage their workforces in a more diverse way than they used too few years back (Myaskovsky, L et al (2005). Therefore global firms recognize the importance of all the diverse talents that are present in order to increase the engagements of the employees to help them reach out to their clients and also in achieving growth in the business field. Many researches which were conducted abroad showed many benefits in the diverse teams that included an increase in the profitability and the innovation of the organization. Therefore to achieve these benefits, organizations employ and support a diverse workforce and also extract the best from their team through leadership behavior and this act has always been a success factor of organizational diversity and engagement strategies. Hence diversity brings experience and understanding to help global firms in providing education to their leaders and also in the successful implementation of the strategies (Pitts D., (2005). Conclusion: Therefore in conclusion it can be said that a diverse workforce is a method to change the workplace of the employees and also bring higher value of these diverse teams of the organization. It also respects the differences of the individual that benefits the workplace individual by creating a very competitive edge that further results in the productivity of work in the organizations (Richard O., (2000). Also when there is trouble in the normal functioning of the performance of the organization then the forms of diversity and the nature of the tasks that are to be performed are considered by the employees and this has a significant amount of evidence that diversity can help in increasing the overall performance of the organization. Diversity management also gives a lot benefits to the associates by creating a safe and fair environment where all are accessible to face different opportunities and also challenges. Therefore diversity if managed correctly can increase creativity and also i nnovation in an organization as well as improve the process of making decisions by providing various challenges and problems faced by the organization (Saji B., (2004). Reference Allen R., Dawson G., Wheatley K. White C., (2008). Perceived diversity and organizational performance. Bowers, C., (2000). When member homogeneity is needed in work teams Small Group Research Bucher, R. D. (2000).Diversity consciousness: Opening our minds to people, cultures, and opportunities. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Cavico, F. and Mujtaba, B. G., (2008). Legal Challenges for the Global Manager and Entrepreneur. Kendal Hunt Publishing Company. United States. Esen E. (2005). 2005 Workplace Diversity Practices Survey Report. Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management. Gassman O., 2001. Multicultural teams: Increasing creativity and Innovation by diversity. Creativity and Innovation Management 10 (1), 2001. Hersey, Paul (February 2008). Personal Communication on Situational Leadership. One-week Train-theTrainer Workshop by Dr. Hersey and facilitators of The Center for Leadership Studies. Escondido, CA. Phone. Hofmeister, J., (2006). Making the business case for gender diversity. World Oil 227 , 2006. Horwitz S. Horwitz I. (2007). The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography. Journal of Management. Kochan, T., Bezruova, K, Ely, R., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K., Leonard D., Levine, D. Thomas D., (2003). The effects of diversity on business performance: Report of a feasibility study of the diversity research network. Human Resource Management. Konrad A., Prasad P. Pringle J. (2006). Handbook of Workplace Diversity,: London: Sage Publications. Kossek, E., Lobel, S. Brown, J. In Konrad, Prasad Pringle, Eds. (2006), Handbook of Workplace Diversity. London: Sage Publications. Mooney, H., A. Cropper and W. Reid, 2005: Confronting the human dilemma: how can ecosystems provide sustainable services to benefit society? Pitts, D., (2005). Diversity, representation, and performance: evidence about race and ethnicity in public organizations. The Journal of Public Administration Research. Richard, O., (2000). Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: A resource-based view. Academy of Management Journal. Saji B., (2004). Workforce diversity, temporal dimensions and team performance. Cross Cultural Management. Sargeant L. Sue-Chan, C., (2001). Does diversity affect group efficacy? Small Group Research.